Genetic Algorithms in Antennas and Smart Antennas Design Overview: Two Novel Antenna Systems for Triband GNSS Applications and a Circular Switched Parasitic Array for WiMax Applications Developments with the Use of Genetic Algorithms

Genetic algorithms belong to a stochastic class of evolutionary techniques, whose robustness and global search of the solutions space have made them extremely popular among researchers. They have been successfully applied to electromagnetic optimization, including antenna design as well as smart antennas design. In this paper, extensive reference to literature related antenna design efforts employing genetic algorithms is taking place and subsequently, three novel antenna systems are designed in order to provide realistic implementations of a genetic algorithm. Two novel antenna systems are presented to cover the new GPS/Galileo band, namely, L5 (1176 MHz), together with the L1 GPS/Galileo and L2 GPS bands (1575 and 1227 MHz). The first system is a modified PIFA and the second one is a helical antenna above a ground plane. Both systems exhibit enhanced performance characteristics, such as sufficient front gain, input impedance matching, and increased front-to-back ratio. The last antenna system is a five-element switched parasitic array with a directional beam with sufficient beamwidth to a predetermined direction and an adequate impedance bandwidth which can be used as receiver for WiMax signals.

[1]  Christos N. Capsalis,et al.  Design of a Six-Sector Switched Parasitic Planar Array Using the Method of Genetic Algorithms , 2003, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[2]  S.W.J. Chung,et al.  Design of wire bow-tie antenna for near field imaging using Genetic Algorithms , 2008, 2008 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference.

[3]  Chi Hou Chan,et al.  Genetic algorithm optimized printed UWB sickle‐shape dipolar antenna with stable radiation pattern , 2007 .

[4]  David B. Davidson.  Genetic Design of Linear Antenna Arrays , 2000 .

[5]  Raj Mittra,et al.  Optimization of Stacked Vertical Dipoles Above a Ground Plane Using the Genetic Algorithm , 1999 .

[6]  Y. Ravinder,et al.  Genetic Algorithm Assisted Dual Diversity Smart Antenna with Triple-COLD Array for QPSK Communication System , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications.

[7]  Shyam S. Pattnaik,et al.  Calculation of optimized parameters of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using genetic algorithm , 2003 .

[8]  Y. Rahmat-Samii,et al.  Genetic algorithms and method of moments (GA/MOM) for the design of integrated antennas , 1999 .

[9]  K. Dejong,et al.  An analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems , 1975 .

[10]  D. Marcano,et al.  Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms , 1995, Proceedings of First International Caracas Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems.

[11]  R. Gillard,et al.  Fast Multistructure Method of Moments Combined With a Genetic Algorithm (MSMoM/GA) for Efficient Optimization of Printed Antennas , 2007, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[12]  Arab Azrar,et al.  Use of genetic algorithms in linear and planar antenna array synthesis based on Schelkunoff method , 2007 .

[13]  Akira Oyama,et al.  Real-Coded Adaptive Range Genetic Algorithm Applied to Transonic Wing Optimization , 2000, PPSN.

[14]  J.M. Johnson,et al.  Genetic algorithm optimization and its application to antenna design , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and URSI National Radio Science Meeting.

[15]  Christos N. Capsalis,et al.  A Broadband, Vertically Polarized, Circular Switched Parasitic Array for Indoor Portable DVB-T Applications at the IV UHF Band , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[16]  Pinaki Chaudhury,et al.  Direct solution of Schrödinger equation by genetic algorithm: test cases , 2001 .

[17]  Rajeev Bansal,et al.  Reduction of sidelobe levels in interrupted phased array antennas by means of a genetic algorithm , 2007 .

[18]  Marco A. Panduro.  Design of coherently radiating structures in a linear array geometry using genetic algorithms , 2007 .

[19]  Christos N. Capsalis,et al.  A broadband, circular switched parasitic array for portable and vehicular mobile DVB‐T applications at the V UHF band , 2008 .

[20]  Xing Chen,et al.  Automated design of a three-dimensional fishbone antenna using parallel genetic algorithm and NEC , 2005 .

[21]  Hu Hang,et al.  Optimizing the Architecture of Planar Phased Array by Improved Genetic Algorithm , 2007, 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications.

[22]  C.I. Tsitouri,et al.  A circular switched parasitic array of log-periodic antennas with enhanced directivity and beam steering capability for ultra wideband communications applications , 2008, 2008 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference.

[23]  D.S. Weile,et al.  Pareto optimal design of absorbers using a parallel elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm and the finite element-boundary integral method , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[24]  JIYicai,et al.  Optimal Designs of Ultra Wide-band Communication Antennas , 2004 .

[25]  Hsi-Tseng Chou,et al.  A Dual Band Patch Antenna Design for WLAN and DSRC Applications Based on a Genetic Algorithm Optimization , 2007 .

[26]  C. N. Capsalis,et al.  A new, compact, low-cost switched-beam array for fixed and portable applications in the V UHF band , 2012, 2012 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC).

[27]  Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan,et al.  Genetic‐algorithm‐based design of a reconfigurable antenna array with discrete phase shifters , 2005 .

[28]  N. Litwinczuk,et al.  Design of wire antennas with using of genetic algorithms , 2007, 2007 6th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques.

[29]  Eric Michielssen,et al.  Genetic algorithm optimization applied to electromagnetics: a review , 1997 .

[30]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[31]  V. Rahmat-Samii,et al.  Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics , 1997 .

[32]  T. Xiang,et al.  Design of Multiband Miniature Handset Antenna by MoM and HGA , 2006, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[33]  Mustafa Emre Aydemir,et al.  Genetic approach to the minimization of the coupling between aircraft antennas , 2006 .

[34]  Wei Chien,et al.  Using NU-SSGA to reduce the searching time in inverse problem of a buried metallic object , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[35]  T. D. Dimousios,et al.  Analysis and Design of a Broadband Circular Switched Parasitic Array above finite plate and finite plate with skirt , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications.

[36]  D. Boeringer,et al.  A simultaneous parameter adaptation scheme for genetic algorithms with application to phased array synthesis , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[37]  Filiberto Bilotti,et al.  Multi-frequency patch antenna design via the method of moment and genetic algorithm , 2002 .

[38]  Lai Soon Lee,et al.  A Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm Based on Binary Encoding for Solving Multidimensional Knapsack Problems , 2012, J. Appl. Math..

[39]  Wah June Leong,et al.  A Genetic Algorithm with Fuzzy Crossover Operator and Probability , 2012, Adv. Oper. Res..

[40]  J. Anguera,et al.  Genetic Algorithm Optimization of a High-Directivity Microstrip Patch Antenna Having a Rectangular Profile , 2013 .

[41]  S.L. Avila,et al.  Optimization of an offset reflector antenna using genetic algorithms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[42]  S.C. Panagiotou,et al.  Multi-objective genetic optimization of Yagi-Uda arrays with additional parasitic elements , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[43]  Hao Wang,et al.  Introduction to Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics , 1995 .

[44]  Anthony Rolland,et al.  Full Wave Synthesis of Integrated Lens Antennas using FDTD and Genetic Algorithms , 2007 .

[45]  Jose Basterrechea,et al.  Antenna far-field pattern reconstruction using equivalent currents and genetic algorithms , 2004 .

[46]  Mehrdad Tamiz,et al.  Multi-objective meta-heuristics: An overview of the current state-of-the-art , 2002, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[47]  Douglas H. Werner,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics , 2007 .

[48]  Kisangiri Michael,et al.  GA/MoM Optimization of PIFA Antennas with Meandering Slits , 2007 .

[49]  Y. E. Erdemli,et al.  Design optimization of conformal antennas by integrating stochastic algorithms with the hybrid finite-element method , 2002 .

[50]  E. Altshuler,et al.  An ultrawide-band impedance-loaded genetic antenna , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[51]  R. Haupt,et al.  Calibration of Cylindrical Reflector Antennas With Linear Phased Array Feeds , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[52]  S.C. Panagiotou,et al.  Broadband switched parasitic arrays for portable DVB-T receiver applications in the VHF/UHF bands , 2008, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[53]  L. Dawson,et al.  The use of genetic algorithms to maximize the performance of a partially lined screened room , 2002 .

[54]  Jeevani W. Jayasinghe,et al.  A novel miniature multi-frequency broadband patch antenna for WLAN applications , 2013, 2013 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems.

[55]  Christos N. Capsalis,et al.  ELECTRONIC BEAM STEERING USING SWITCHED PARASITIC SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS , 2002 .

[56]  Hao Ling,et al.  Determining the equivalent impedance boundary condition for corrugated coatings based on the genetic algorithm , 2000 .

[57]  S. Caorsi,et al.  A Versatile Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for Planar Array Design , 2004 .

[58]  Raj Mittra,et al.  New designs of ultra wide-band communication antennas using a genetic algorithm , 1997 .

[59]  Chalmers M. Butler,et al.  Realization of a genetic‐algorithm‐optimized wire antenna with 5:1 bandwidth , 2001 .

[60]  M. H. Oktem,et al.  Design of multilayered cylindrical shields using a genetic algorithm , 2001 .

[61]  Marco A. Panduro,et al.  Design of non-uniform circular antenna arrays for side lobe reduction using the method of genetic algorithms , 2006 .

[62]  Robert Staraj,et al.  Design of a Thinned Microstrip-Antenna Reflectarray Using a Genetic Algorithm , 2005 .

[63]  Vasileios-Stylian G. Tsiafakis,et al.  Design of a Wideband Espar Antenna for Dvb-T Reception , 2009 .