Time to Success in Offshoring Business Processes

This paper contributes to the emerging debate about offshoring of support functions in international business research. We analyze the success of offshoring activities and focus on the time a firm takes to achieve its expected cost savings and its targeted service level.We hypothesize that firm-specific offshoring experience, publicly available knowledge on offshoring, path dependencies, cultural distances, and the chosen governance mode influence the success of offshoring activities.An analysis of detailed data about 525 offshoring implementations of US and German firms confirms the anticipated relationships and provides further crucial insights.

[1]  C. Yu,et al.  Determinants of Foreign Investment of U.S. Advertising Agencies , 1988 .

[2]  D. Teece,et al.  DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT , 1997 .

[3]  Rob van Tulder,et al.  Cultural distance, political risk, or governance quality? Towards a more accurate conceptualization and measurement of external uncertainty in foreign entry mode research , 2009 .

[4]  Lawrence G. Franko,et al.  The European multinationals : a renewed challenge to American and British big business , 1976 .

[5]  Louis T. Wells,et al.  Managing the multinational enterprise : organization of the firm and ownership of the subsidiaries , 1972 .

[6]  J. Johanson,et al.  The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments , 1977 .

[7]  P. Koopman,et al.  Managing human resources across cultures: a comparative analysis of practices in industrial enterprises in China and The Netherlands , 1999 .

[8]  Geert Hofstede,et al.  Management scientists are human , 1994 .

[9]  Henk W. Volberda,et al.  The role of path dependency and managerial intentionality: a perspective on international business research , 2007 .

[10]  Michael Y. Hu,et al.  An analysis of determinants of entry mode and its impact on performance , 2002 .

[11]  Pieter J. Pretorius,et al.  Application of the TOC thinking processes to challenging assumptions of profit and cost centre performance measurement , 2003 .

[12]  Nitin Pangarkar,et al.  Performance of foreign direct investment from Singapore , 2003 .

[13]  H. Gatignon,et al.  The multinational corporation's degree of control over foreign subsidiaries : an empirical test of a transaction cost explanation , 1988 .

[14]  J. March Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning , 1991, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[15]  H. Khan,et al.  Outsourcing, Migration, and Brain Drain in the Global Economy: Issues and Evidence , 2006 .

[16]  William H. Glick,et al.  Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results? , 1998 .

[17]  Leslie E. Palich,et al.  Cultural Diversity and the Performance of Multinational Firms , 1997 .

[18]  G. Hofstede Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations , 2001 .

[19]  A. Faggian,et al.  Collective Learning and Relational Capital in Local Innovation Processes , 2005 .

[20]  Lawrence S. Welch,et al.  Foreign Market Servicing: Beyond Choice of Entry Mode , 1994 .

[21]  Jiatao Li,et al.  Comparative Business Failures of Foreign-Controlled Firms in the United States , 1991 .

[22]  Ulf R. Andersson,et al.  Subsidiary performance in multinational corporations: the importance of technology embeddedness , 2001 .

[23]  Arie Y. Lewin,et al.  Offshoring administrative and technical work: business hype or the onset of fundamental strategic and organizational transformation ? , 2006 .

[24]  P. Roth MISSING DATA: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW FOR APPLIED PSYCHOLOGISTS , 1994 .

[25]  D P MacKinnon,et al.  Maximizing the Usefulness of Data Obtained with Planned Missing Value Patterns: An Application of Maximum Likelihood Procedures. , 1996, Multivariate behavioral research.

[26]  Dieter Ernst,et al.  Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. Implications for developing countries , 2002 .

[27]  Yigang Pan,et al.  Joint Venture Formation of Very Large Multinational Firms , 2000 .

[28]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[29]  David L. Levy International Sourcing and Supply Chain Stability , 1995 .

[30]  Paul G. Simmonds,et al.  The combined diversification breadth and mode dimensions and the performance of large diversified firms , 1990 .

[31]  Paul W. Beamish,et al.  Ownership-Based Entry Mode Strategies and International Performance , 1994 .

[32]  T. Pedersen,et al.  Learning Paths to Offshore Outsourcing - From Cost Reduction to Knowledge Seeking , 2006 .

[33]  J. Hennart,et al.  A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures , 1988 .

[34]  S. Rangan The Problem of Search and Deliberation in Economic Action: When Social Networks Really Matter , 2000 .

[35]  C. Prahalad,et al.  The Core Competence of the Corporation , 1990 .

[36]  Paula E. Stephan,et al.  Knowledge spillovers in biotechnology: sources and incentives , 1999 .

[37]  S. Lemon,et al.  IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 2004 .

[38]  Harry G. Barkema,et al.  Organizational Learning and diversification , 1994 .

[39]  Esteban García-Canal,et al.  The Effect of Firm and Host Country Characteristics on the Choice of Entry Mode: Empirical Evidence from Spanish Firms , 2002 .

[40]  Lung-Tan Lu,et al.  International Joint Ventures , 2010 .

[41]  I. Nonaka,et al.  How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation , 1995 .

[42]  Mehmet Demirbag,et al.  Factors affecting international joint venture success: an empirical analysis of foreign–local partner relationships and performance in joint ventures in Turkey , 2000 .

[43]  Rajdeep Grewal,et al.  Vicarious Learning in New Product Introductions in the Early Years of a Converging Market , 2007, Manag. Sci..

[44]  Harry G. Barkema,et al.  Working abroad, working with others: How firms learn to operate international joint ventures , 1997 .

[45]  Sanjeev Agarwal,et al.  Socio-Cultural Distance and the Choice of Joint Ventures: A Contingency Perspective , 1994 .

[46]  Harbir Singh,et al.  The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode , 1988 .

[47]  Jane Lu,et al.  Intra- and Inter-organizational Imitative Behavior: Institutional Influences on Japanese Firms' Entry Mode Choice , 2002 .

[48]  Douglas J. Miller,et al.  An empirical examination of transaction- and firm-level influences on the vertical boundaries of the firm , 2003 .

[49]  J. Neter,et al.  Applied linear statistical models : regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs , 1974 .

[50]  H. Barkema,et al.  International Expansion Through Start-Up or Acquisition: A Learning Perspective , 1998 .

[51]  K. Glaister,et al.  Performance of international joint ventures: evidence for West Africa , 2002 .

[52]  David L. Levy,et al.  Offshoring in the New Global Political Economy , 2005 .

[53]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[54]  Sea Jin Chang,et al.  The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment , 2001 .

[55]  Diana Farrell Offshoring: Value Creation Through Economic Change , 2005 .

[56]  Stephen S. Golub,et al.  OECD's FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index: Revision and Extension to more Economies , 2006 .

[57]  Arjen Slangen,et al.  Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises , 2006 .

[58]  W. Powell,et al.  The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields , 1983 .

[59]  Real Exchange Rates In Developing CountriesAre Balassa-Samuelson Effects Present? , 2004 .

[60]  Richard L. Priem,et al.  The new corporate architecture , 1995 .

[61]  M. Leiblein,et al.  Do make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance , 2002 .

[62]  J. Child Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice , 1972 .

[63]  M. Feldman,et al.  R&D spillovers and the ge-ography of innovation and production , 1996 .

[64]  M. Razzaque,et al.  Outsourcing of logistics functions: a literature survey , 1998 .

[65]  K. Blind Explanatory factors for participation in formal standardisation processes: Empirical evidence at firm level , 2006 .

[66]  Philip Kreindler,et al.  What B2B Customers Really Expect , 2006 .

[67]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES, WHAT ARE THEY? , 2000 .

[68]  J. Scott Armstrong,et al.  Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. , 1977 .

[69]  A. Rasheed,et al.  Outsourcing: National- and firm-level implications , 2005 .

[70]  Pamela R. Haunschild,et al.  Modes of Interorganizational Imitation: The Effects of Outcome Salience and Uncertainty , 1997 .

[71]  G. Huber Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures , 1991 .

[72]  J. Wagner,et al.  Percept-Percept Inflation in Microorganizational Research: An Investigation of Prevalence and Effect , 1994 .

[73]  Melissa A. Schilling,et al.  Disentangling the Theories of Firm Boundaries: A Path Model and Empirical Test , 2002, Organ. Sci..

[74]  A SchillingMelissa,et al.  Disentangling the Theories of Firm Boundaries , 2002 .

[75]  P. Chalos,et al.  Outsourcing Decisions and Managerial Incentives , 1998 .

[76]  Terry M. Coalter,et al.  Context, Cognition, and Common Method Variance: Psychometric and Verbal Protocol Evidence , 1996 .

[77]  H. Barkema,et al.  Pace, rhythm and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation , 2002 .

[78]  Hafiz Mirza,et al.  Host country specific factors and the transfer of human resource management practices in multinational companies , 2004 .

[79]  Peng S. Chan International Joint Ventures vs. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries , 1995 .

[80]  David A. Griffith,et al.  The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: a meta-analysis , 2005 .

[81]  Karen L. Newman,et al.  Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture , 1996 .

[82]  R E Miles,et al.  Organizational strategy, structure, and process. , 1978, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[83]  Jussi T. S. Heikkilä,et al.  Outsourcing: a core or non-core strategic management decision? , 2002 .

[84]  P. Buckley,et al.  Going international : the experience of smaller companies overseas , 1978 .

[85]  Malik Ranasinghe,et al.  Culture and foreign companies' choice of entry mode: the case of the Singapore building and construction industry , 2001 .

[86]  Jiatao Li Foreign entry and survival: effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets , 1995 .

[87]  Y. Doz,et al.  Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value Through Partnering , 1998 .

[88]  Yigang Pan,et al.  Financial performance and survival of multinational corporations in China , 1999 .