EvaluaTiNg faCES ON TruSTwOrThiNESS afTEr miNimal TimE ExpOSurE

Previous studies have shown that trustworthiness judgments from facial appearance approximate general valence evaluation of faces (Oosterhof & Todorov, 2008) and are made after as little as 100 ms exposure to novel faces (Willis & Todorov, 2006). In Experiment 1, using better masking procedures and shorter exposures, we replicate the latter findings. In Experiment 2, we systematically manipulate the exposure to faces and show that a sigmoid function almost perfectly describes how judgments change as a function of time exposure. The agreement of these judgments with time-unconstrained judgments is above chance after 33 ms, improves with additional exposure, and does not improve with exposures longer than 167 ms. In Experiment 3, using a priming paradigm, we show that effects of face trustworthiness are detectable even when the faces are presented below the threshold of objective awareness as measured by a forced choice recognition test of the primes. The findings suggest that people automatically make vale...

[1]  Andrew D. Engell,et al.  Amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responses to appearance-based and behavior-based person impressions. , 2011, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.

[2]  Klaus Rifbjerg,et al.  Sex Roles , 2011 .

[3]  Alexander Todorov,et al.  Evaluating faces on social dimensions. , 2011 .

[4]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind , 2016, Social Psychological Review.

[5]  Daniel N. Osherson,et al.  Inferring the preferences of others from spontaneous, low-emotional facial expressions , 2010 .

[6]  Christopher Y. Olivola,et al.  Fooled by first impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences , 2010 .

[7]  Christopher Y. Olivola,et al.  Elected in 100 milliseconds: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting , 2010 .

[8]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Shallow Cues With Deep Effects: Trait Judgments From Faces and Voting Decisions , 2009 .

[9]  Nicu Sebe,et al.  Structural resemblance to emotional expressions predicts evaluation of emotionally neutral faces. , 2009, Emotion.

[10]  Andrew D. Engell,et al.  The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces. , 2008, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.

[11]  Andrew D. Engell,et al.  Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[12]  A. Todorov,et al.  The functional basis of face evaluation , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  Alexander Todorov,et al.  Evaluating face trustworthiness: a model based approach. , 2008, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.

[14]  Leslie A. Zebrowitz,et al.  Social Psychological Face Perception: Why Appearance Matters. , 2008, Social and personality psychology compass.

[15]  E. Pennisi.  Kernel of Truth , 2008, Science.

[16]  A. Todorov,et al.  Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[17]  Andrew D. Engell,et al.  Implicit Trustworthiness Decisions: Automatic Coding of Face Properties in the Human Amygdala , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[18]  D. Perrett,et al.  Personality judgments from natural and composite facial images: More evidence for a "kernel of truth" in social perception , 2006 .

[19]  Stefan Wiens,et al.  Current concerns in visual masking. , 2006, Emotion.

[20]  Janine Willis,et al.  First Impressions , 2006, Psychological science.

[21]  Sheri L. Johnson,et al.  Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes , 2006 .

[22]  Sheri Lynn Johnson,et al.  Looking Deathworthy , 2006, Psychological science.

[23]  M. Bar,et al.  Very first impressions. , 2006, Emotion.

[24]  Leslie A. Zebrowitz,et al.  The Ecological Approach to Person Perception: Evolutionary Roots and Contemporary Offshoots. , 2006 .

[25]  Douglas T. Kenrick,et al.  Evolution and social psychology. , 2006 .

[26]  Ingrid R Olson,et al.  Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance. , 2005, Emotion.

[27]  Susanne Quadflieg,et al.  Understanding others: the face and person construal. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior , 2005, Neuron.

[29]  A. Todorov,et al.  Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes , 2005, Science.

[30]  Kent C. Berridge,et al.  Unconscious Affective Reactions to Masked Happy Versus Angry Faces Influence Consumption Behavior and Judgments of Value , 2005, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[31]  Jeffrey S. Maxwell,et al.  Human Amygdala Responsivity to Masked Fearful Eye Whites , 2004, Science.

[32]  C. Judd,et al.  The Influence of Afrocentric Facial Features in Criminal Sentencing , 2004, Psychological science.

[33]  S. Gosling,et al.  e-Perceptions : Personality Impressions Based on Personal Websites , 2004 .

[34]  Brian N. Pasley,et al.  Subcortical Discrimination of Unperceived Objects during Binocular Rivalry , 2004, Neuron.

[35]  Adam P. Morris,et al.  Amygdala Responses to Fearful and Happy Facial Expressions under Conditions of Binocular Suppression , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[36]  Edward T. Bullmore,et al.  Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust , 2000, NeuroImage.

[37]  Joann M. Montepare,et al.  The Contribution of Emotion Perceptions and Their Overgeneralizations to Trait Impressions , 2003 .

[38]  S. Gosling,et al.  A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains , 2003 .

[39]  Alexander Todorov,et al.  The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces , 2003 .

[40]  J. O'Doherty,et al.  Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[41]  David G. Amaral,et al.  The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety , 2002, Biological Psychiatry.

[42]  Giacomo Mauro DAriano.  The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. , 2002 .

[43]  Michael Davis,et al.  The amygdala: vigilance and emotion , 2001, Molecular Psychiatry.

[44]  Joseph E LeDoux.  Emotion circuits in the brain. , 2009, Annual review of neuroscience.

[45]  Ran R. Hassin,et al.  Facing faces: studies on the cognitive aspects of physiognomy. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[46]  J. Langlois,et al.  Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[47]  W. Chaplin,et al.  Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[48]  Matthew Turk,et al.  A Morphable Model For The Synthesis Of 3D Faces , 1999, SIGGRAPH.

[49]  J Blumenthal,et al.  Bright, bad, babyfaced boys: appearance stereotypes do not always yield self-fulfilling prophecy effects. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[50]  Ranjana Dutta,et al.  The Relationship between Appearance and Personality Across the Life Span , 1998 .

[51]  R. Adolphs,et al.  The human amygdala in social judgment , 1998, Nature.

[52]  S. Rauch,et al.  Masked Presentations of Emotional Facial Expressions Modulate Amygdala Activity without Explicit Knowledge , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[53]  Leslie A. Zebrowitz,et al.  Person Perception Comes of Age: The Salience and Significance of Age in Social Judgments , 1998 .

[54]  L. Zebrowitz,et al.  "Wide-Eyed" and "Crooked-Faced": Determinants of Perceived and Real Honesty Across the Life Span , 1996 .

[55]  B. Knutson.  Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences , 1996 .

[56]  U. Mueller,et al.  Facial Dominance of West Point Cadets as a Predictor of Later Military Rank , 1996 .

[57]  N. Ambady,et al.  On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. , 1995 .

[58]  Mary Ann Collins,et al.  The Contributions of Appearance to Occupational Outcomes in Civilian and Military Settings1 , 1995 .

[59]  C. F. Bond,et al.  The Kernel of Truth in Judgments of Deceptiveness , 1994 .

[60]  Paul J. Locher,et al.  At first glance: Accessibility of the physical attractiveness stereotype , 1993 .

[61]  P. Borkenau,et al.  Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. , 1992 .

[62]  N. Ambady,et al.  Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. , 1992 .

[63]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Consensus at zero acquaintance: replication, behavioral cues, and stability. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[64]  D. Berry.  Taking People at Face Value: Evidence for the Kernel of Truth Hypothesis , 1990 .

[65]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[66]  P. Merikle,et al.  Priming with and without awareness , 1984, Perception & psychophysics.

[67]  C. Keating,et al.  Military Rank Attainment of a West Point Class: Effects of Cadets' Physical Features , 1984, American Journal of Sociology.

[68]  Moonja P. Kim,et al.  Comparison of two structural models of implicit personality theory. , 1980 .

[69]  J. H. Steiger.  Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. , 1980 .

[70]  P. S. Vivekananthan,et al.  A multidimensional approach to the structure of personality impressions. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  J. M. Kittross.  The measurement of meaning , 1959 .