Dual-process models of associative recognition in young and older adults: evidence from receiver operating characteristics.

In 3 experiments, young and older adults studied lists of unrelated word pairs and were given confidence-rated item and associative recognition tests. Several different models of recognition were fit to the confidence-rating data using techniques described by S. Macho (2002, 2004). Concordant with previous findings, item recognition data were best fit by an unequal-variance signal detection theory model for both young and older adults. For both age groups, associative recognition performance was best explained by models incorporating both recollection and familiarity components. Examination of parameter estimates supported the conclusion that recollection is reduced in old age, but inferences about age differences in familiarity were highly model dependent. Implications for dual-process models of memory in old age are discussed.

[1]  L L Light,et al.  Adult age differences in repetition priming: a meta-analysis. , 1994, Psychology and aging.

[2]  Elizabeth A. Maylor,et al.  Models of Cognitive Aging , 2000 .

[3]  L. Goossens,et al.  Facts and fiction about memory aging: a quantitative integration of research findings. , 1993, Journal of gerontology.

[4]  A. Simpson,et al.  What is the best index of detectability? , 1973, Psychological Bulletin.

[5]  M. Naveh-Benjamin,et al.  Adult age differences in episodic memory: further support for an associative-deficit hypothesis. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[6]  Christina M. Frederick,et al.  Recognition memory for source and occurrence: The importance of recollection , 2002, Memory & cognition.

[7]  A Wingfield,et al.  Response latencies for false memories: gist-based processes in normal aging. , 1998, Psychology and aging.

[8]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Testing global memory models using ROC curves. , 1992, Psychological review.

[9]  E. Erdfelder,et al.  Comment: Process-dissociation measurement models: Threshold theory or detection theory? , 1998 .

[10]  Siegfried Macho,et al.  Cognitive modeling with spreadsheets , 2002, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[11]  Tim Curran,et al.  Retrieval dynamics of recognition and frequency judgments: Evidence for separate processes of familiarity and recall. , 1994 .

[12]  A. Yonelinas.  Components of episodic memory: the contribution of recollection and familiarity. , 2001, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[13]  A. Yonelinas.  Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: The contribution of recollection and familiarity , 1997, Memory & cognition.

[14]  L. Light,et al.  Memory and aging: the role of retrieval processes. , 1981, Psychological bulletin.

[15]  Kenneth J. Malmberg,et al.  On the form of ROCs constructed from confidence ratings. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[16]  Neil A. Macmillan,et al.  Detection Theory: A User's Guide , 1991 .

[17]  S. Harkins,et al.  Memory loss and response bias in senescence. , 1979, Journal of gerontology.

[18]  Michael R. Healy,et al.  Effects of repetition and response deadline on associative recognition in young and older adults , 2004, Memory & cognition.

[19]  D. Schacter,et al.  Gist-Based False Recognition of Pictures in Older and Younger Adults , 1997 .

[20]  T. Wickens.  Elementary Signal Detection Theory , 2001 .

[21]  Caren M. Rotello,et al.  Recall-to-Reject in Recognition: Evidence from ROC Curves ☆ ☆☆ , 2000 .

[22]  D. Schacter,et al.  Reducing gist-based false recognition in older adults: encoding and retrieval manipulations. , 1999, Psychology and aging.

[23]  E. Heit,et al.  Associative Recognition: a Case of Recall-to-reject Processing , 2022 .

[24]  A P Yonelinas,et al.  Recognition memory for faces: When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments , 1999, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[25]  F. Craik,et al.  Parallel effects of aging and time pressure on memory for source: Evidence from the spacing effect , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[26]  Leah L. Light,et al.  Dual-process theories of memory in old age: An update , 2012 .

[27]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  VERIDICAL AND FALSE MEMORIES IN HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS AND IN DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER'S TYPE , 1999 .

[28]  Michael Wilson.  MRC Psycholinguistic Database , 2001 .

[29]  Larry L. Jacoby,et al.  Journal of Memory and Language , 2001 .

[30]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[31]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories , 1997, Memory & cognition.

[32]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  WHEN TRUE MEMORIES SUPPRESS FALSE MEMORIES: EFFECTS OF AGEING , 1999 .

[33]  M. Prull,et al.  Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: adult age differences and neuropsychological test correlates. , 2006, Psychology and aging.

[34]  F. Craik,et al.  The handbook of aging and cognition , 1992 .

[35]  L. Light.  Memory and aging: four hypotheses in search of data. , 1991, Annual review of psychology.

[36]  H. Akaike,et al.  Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle , 1973 .

[37]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[38]  S. Macho.  Modeling Associative Recognition : A Comparison of Two-High-Threshold , Two-High-Threshold Signal Detection , and Mixture Distribution Models By : , 2004 .

[39]  R. O’Reilly,et al.  Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: a complementary-learning-systems approach. , 2003, Psychological review.

[40]  A. Parkin,et al.  Human memory , 1999, Current Biology.

[41]  D. Schacter,et al.  Source memory: extending the boundaries of age-related deficits. , 1994, Psychology and aging.

[42]  L L Jacoby,et al.  Ironic effects of repetition: measuring age-related differences in memory. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[43]  G. Schwarz.  Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[44]  J T Wixted,et al.  On the nature of associative information in recognition memory. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[45]  J. G. Snodgrass,et al.  Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: applications to dementia and amnesia. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[46]  Colleen M. Parks,et al.  Effects of age on estimated familiarity in the process dissociation procedure: The role of noncriterial recollection , 2006, Memory & cognition.

[47]  M. Schmitter-Edgecombe.  Effects of divided attention and time course on automatic and controlled components of memory in older adults. , 1999, Psychology and Aging.

[48]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Turning up the noise or turning down the volume? On the nature of the impairment of episodic recognition memory by midazolam. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[49]  A. Yonelinas.  The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research , 2002 .

[50]  R. Swensson,et al.  Analysis of rating data from multiple-alternative tasks☆ , 1989 .

[51]  James I. Brown.  The Nelson-Denny Reading Test. , 1960 .

[52]  Douglas L. Hintzman,et al.  "Schema Abstraction" in a Multiple-Trace Memory Model , 1986 .

[53]  W. Nelson Francis,et al.  FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR , 1983 .

[54]  Patrick S. R. Davidson,et al.  Neuropsychological correlates of recollection and familiarity in normal aging , 2002, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[55]  Andrew Heathcote,et al.  Item recognition memory and the receiver operating characteristic. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[56]  M. Humphreys,et al.  Different Ways to Cue a Coherent Memory System: A Theory for Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural Tasks. , 1989 .

[57]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Search and decision processes in recognition memory. , 1974 .

[58]  Timothy A. Salthouse,et al.  How localized are age-related effects on neuropsychological measures? , 1996 .

[59]  R Kliegl,et al.  Modeling intrusions and correct recall in episodic memory: adult age differences in encoding of list context. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[60]  D. B. Mitchell,et al.  The handbook of aging and cognition , 2001 .

[61]  E. Balint.  Memory and consciousness. , 1987, The International journal of psycho-analysis.

[62]  N. Raz,et al.  Differential effects of aging on memory for content and context: a meta-analysis. , 1995, Psychology and aging.

[63]  M. Glanzer,et al.  Slope of the receiver-operating characteristic in recognition memory. , 1999 .

[64]  Evan Heit,et al.  Two-Process Models of Recognition Memory: Evidence for Recall-to-Reject? , 1999 .

[65]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Incorporating Response Bias in a Dual-Process Theory of Memory , 1995 .

[66]  Shu-Chen Li.  Connecting the Many Levels and Facets of Cognitive Aging , 2002 .

[67]  L. Jacoby,et al.  The Relation between Remembering and Knowing as Bases for Recognition: Effects of Size Congruency , 1995 .

[68]  C. Rotello,et al.  Does familiarity change in the revelation effect? , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[69]  Marcia K. Johnson,et al.  Feature memory and binding in young and older adults , 1996, Memory & cognition.

[70]  K S Multhaup,et al.  Aging, source, and decision criteria: when false fame errors do and do not occur. , 1995, Psychology and aging.

[71]  J. Wixted,et al.  On the difference between strength-based and frequency-based mirror effects in recognition memory. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[72]  A. Yonelinas,et al.  Signal-Detection, Threshold, and Dual-Process Models of Recognition Memory: ROCs and Conscious Recollection , 1996, Consciousness and Cognition.

[73]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Models for recall and recognition. , 1992, Annual review of psychology.

[74]  M. Naveh-Benjamin.  Adult age differences in memory performance: tests of an associative deficit hypothesis. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[75]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Influence of processing speed on adult age differences in working memory. , 1992, Acta psychologica.

[76]  A. Benjamin,et al.  On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[77]  S. Gronlund,et al.  Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[78]  A. Yonelinas.  Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[79]  David H. Krantz,et al.  Learning, memory, and thinking , 1974 .

[80]  L. Light,et al.  Effects of repetition and response deadline on item recognition in young and older adults , 2006, Memory & cognition.

[81]  Lynne M Reder,et al.  Word frequency and receiver operating characteristic curves in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process interpretation. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[82]  J. Gardiner.  Functional aspects of recollective experience , 1988, Memory & cognition.

[83]  T. Curran,et al.  Memory for detail in item versus associative recognition , 2001, Memory & cognition.