Environmental effects on drug use

It is often assumed that the emotion-altering effects of drugs are the major reasons for their use and, more specifically, that drugs are used to compensate for undesired emotional states produced by various events and environments. The present paper explicitly states one version of this point of view, based on a descriptive system for emotional states and hypotheses regarding preferred and unpreferred emotional states. The emotional impact of various stimulant and depressant drugs is reviewed and the emotional impact of various types of environments is described. Also, the emotional predispositions associated with personality (temperament) are noted. Finally, specific hypotheses are derived to show which drugs are most likely to be used in different, environmentally induced or temperament-associated, emotional states.

[1]  A. Mehrabian.  Verbal and nonverbal interaction of strangers in a waiting situation. , 1971 .

[2]  A. Mehrabian.  Tactics Of Social Influence , 1970 .

[3]  James L Olds.  Pleasure Centers in the Brain , 1956, Scientific American.

[4]  J A Russell,et al.  The mediating role of emotions in alcohol use. , 1975, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[5]  E. Fine,et al.  The combined abuse of alcohol and amphetamines. , 1974, The American journal of psychiatry.

[6]  M. Vogel-Sprott.  Alcoholism and Learning , 1972 .

[7]  P. Bentler.  Semantic Space is (Approximately) Bipolar , 1969 .

[8]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Affective and Perceptual-Cognitive Patterns in Sensitivity Training Groups , 1967, Psychological reports.

[9]  K. Pribram.  Interrelations of psychology and the neurological disciplines. , 1962 .

[10]  P. Bentler.  An analysis of responses to adjectives: A reply to Samelson. , 1973 .

[11]  J. Russell,et al.  Distinguishing anger and anxiety in terms of emotional response factors. , 1974, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[12]  M. L. Ladriere,et al.  Marijuana: its meaning to a college population. , 1972, The Journal of psychology.

[13]  J. Russell,et al.  Some Behavioral Effects of the Physical Environment , 1976 .

[14]  C. Osgood.  Dimensionality of the semantic space for communication via facial expressions. , 1966, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[15]  A. Dittmann.  Interpersonal Messages of Emotion , 1972 .

[16]  J. Russell,et al.  An approach to environmental psychology , 1974 .

[17]  H. Selye.  The Stress of Life , 1958 .

[18]  James A. Russell,et al.  A Verbal Measure of Information Rate for Studies in Environmental Psychology , 1974 .

[19]  L. Bender.  Drug addiction in adolescence. , 1963, Comprehensive Psychiatry.

[20]  L. E. Bush.  Individual differences multidemensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. , 1973, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  G. Vaillant.  A 12-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts. 3. Some social and psychiatric characteristics. , 1966, Archives of general psychiatry.

[22]  Seymour Wapner,et al.  Experiencing the environment , 1976 .

[23]  A. Mehrabian,et al.  A measure of emotional empathy. , 1972, Journal of personality.

[24]  W. Clark,et al.  Principles of psychopharmacology , 1978 .

[25]  J. Russell,et al.  Environmental, task, and temperamental effects on work performance , 1978 .

[26]  H. I. Day,et al.  The factorial structure of responses to perceptual complexity , 1971 .

[27]  G. N. Braucht,et al.  Deviant drug use in adolescence: a review of psychosocial correlates. , 1973, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  E. Maccoby,et al.  The Psychology of Sex Differences , 1974 .

[29]  C. Ksir,et al.  Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior , 1972 .

[30]  R. Thayer,et al.  Measurement of Activation through Self-Report , 1967, Psychological reports.

[31]  R. Thayer,et al.  Activation states as assessed by verbal report and four psychophysiological variables. , 1970, Psychophysiology.

[32]  Sadava Sw.  Research approaches in illicit drug use: a critical review. , 1975 .

[33]  J. Russell,et al.  Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions , 1977 .

[34]  V. Nowlis.  Research with the mood adjective checklist , 1965 .

[35]  J. Monroe,et al.  A multivariate study of the personality characteristics of hospitalized narcotic addicts on the MMPI. , 1971, Journal of clinical psychology.

[36]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man. IV. Quantitative and qualitative differences associated with habituation to coffee , 1969, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[37]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[38]  Albert Mehrabian,et al.  A theory of affiliation , 1974 .

[39]  M. Lorr,et al.  AN ANALYSIS OF MOOD IN NEUROTICS. , 1964, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[40]  D. Jackson.  Personality research form manual , 1974 .