Means and Their Inequalities
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The theory of means has its roots in the work of the Pythagoreans who introduced the harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means with reference to their theories of music and arithmetic. Later, Pappus introduced seven other means and gave the well-known elegant geometric proof of the celebrated inequalities among the harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means. Nowadays, the families and types of means that are being investigated by researchers and the variety of questions that are being asked about them are beyond the scope of any single survey, with the voluminous book Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities by P. S. Bullen being the best such reference in this direction. The theory of means has grown to occupy a prominent place in mathematics with hundreds of papers on the subject appearing every year. The strong relations and interactions of the theory of means with the theories of inequalities, functional equations, and probability and statistics add greatly to its importance.