Linguistic Fuzzy Logic Methods in Social Sciences
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The modern origin of fuzzy sets, fuzzy algebra, fuzzy decision making, and computing with words is conventionally traced to Lotfi Zadehs publication in 1965 of his path-breaking refutation of binary set theory. In a sixteen-page article, modestly titled Fuzzy Sets and published in the journal Information and Control, Zadeh launched a multi-disciplinary revolution. The start was relatively slow, but momentum gathered quickly. From 1970 to 1979 there were about 500 journal publications with the word fuzzy in the title; from 2000 to 2009 there were more than 35,000. At present, citations to Zadehs publications are running at a rate of about 1,500-2,000 per year, and this rate continues to rise. Almost all applications of Zadehs ideas have been in highly technical scientific fields, not in the social sciences. Zadeh was surprised by this development. In a personal note he states: When I wrote my l965 paper, I expected that fuzzy set theory would be applied primarily in the realm of human sciences. Contrary to my expectation, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic are applied in the main in physical and engineering sciences. In fact, the first comprehensive examination of fuzzy sets by a social scientist did not appear until 1987, a full twenty-two years after the publication of Zadehs seminal article, when Michael Smithson, an Australian psychologist, published Fuzzy Set Analysis for Behavioral and Social Sciences.