SITE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE:A NEW SYNTHESIS

The nature and extent of population regulation remains a principal unanswered question for many types of organisms, despite extensive research. In this paper, we provide a new synthesis of theoretical and empirical evidence that elucidates and extends a mechanism of population regulation for species whose individuals preemptively use sites that differ in suitability. The sites may be territories, refuges from predation, oviposition sites, etc. The mechanism, which we call site dependence, is not an alternative to density dependence; rather, site dependence is one of several mechanisms that potentially generate the negative feedback required for regulation. Site dependence has two major features: (1) environmentally caused heterogeneity among sites in suitability for reproduction and/or survival; and (2) preemptive site occupancy, with the tendency for individuals to move to sites of higher quality as they become available. Simulation modeling shows that these two features, acting in concert, generate nega...

[1]  M. Forbes Natal philopatry in passerine birds: genetic or ecological influences? , 1994 .

[2]  J. Ligon,et al.  Chapter 10 – TERRITORY QUALITY: KEY DETERMINANT OF FITNESS IN THE GROUP-LIVING GREEN WOODHOOPOE , 1988 .

[3]  William G. Wilson,et al.  Mobility versus density-limited predator-prey dynamics on different spatial scales , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[4]  D. H. Morse VARIABLES AFFECTING THE DENSITY AND TERRITORY SIZE OF BREEDING SPRUCE-WOODS WARBLERS' , 1976 .

[5]  Therese M. Donovan,et al.  Regional Forest Fragmentation and the Nesting Success of Migratory Birds , 1995, Science.

[6]  Thomas F. Hansen,et al.  Individual variation and population dynamics , 1994 .

[7]  Peter Chesson,et al.  Predator-Prey Theory and Variability , 1978 .

[8]  J. Krebs Territory and breeding density in the Great Tit , 1971 .

[9]  S. Bensch,et al.  TERRITORY INFIDELITY IN THE POLYGYNOUS GREAT REED WARBLER ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS: THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN TERRITORY ATTRACTIVENESS , 1991 .

[10]  William J. Sutherland,et al.  Deriving population parameters from individual variations in foraging behaviour. I: Empirical game theory distribution model of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus feeding on mussels Mytilus edulis , 1995 .

[11]  Susan M. Smith The "Underworld" in a Territorial Sparrow: Adaptive Strategy for Floaters , 1978, The American Naturalist.

[12]  P. Widén Habitat quality for raptors: a field experiment , 1994 .

[13]  B. Kempenaers,et al.  Density-dependent clutch size caused by habitat heterogeneity , 1992 .

[14]  Peter P. Marra,et al.  Habitat-specific demography of breeding black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) : implications for populations dynamics , 1996 .

[15]  W. F. Wolff An individual-oriented model of a wading bird nesting colony , 1994 .

[16]  R. Lande,et al.  Extinction Thresholds in Demographic Models of Territorial Populations , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[17]  H. Pulliam,et al.  Sources, Sinks, and Population Regulation , 1988, The American Naturalist.

[18]  Donald Ludwig,et al.  Stability, Regulation, and the Determination of Abundance in an Insular Song Sparrow Population , 1992 .

[19]  William J. Sutherland,et al.  Sources, sinks and pseudo-sinks , 1995 .

[20]  R. Holmes,et al.  Bird Community Dynamics in a Temperate Deciduous Forest: Long‐Term Trends at Hubbard Brook , 1986 .

[21]  J. Krebs,et al.  Settlement patterns, territory size, and breeding density in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) , 1974 .

[22]  Sidney A. Gauthreaux,et al.  The Ecological Significance of Behavioral Dominance , 1978 .

[23]  Jan‐Åke Nilsson,et al.  Food supply, territory quality, and reproductive timing in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus) , 1995 .

[24]  T. E. Martin Interaction of Nest Predation and Food Limitation in Reproductive Strategies , 1992 .

[25]  B. Stutchbury,et al.  DELAYED BREEDING IN AVIAN SOCIAL SYSTEMS: THE ROLE OF TERRITORY QUALITY AND "FLOATER" TACTICS , 1992 .

[26]  S. Fretwell,et al.  On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds , 1969 .

[27]  Robert M. May,et al.  HOST-PARASITOID SYSTEMS IN PATCHY ENVIRONMENTS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODEL , 1978 .

[28]  P. Harvey,et al.  Searching for Density-Dependent Regulation in a Population of Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas). , 1988 .

[29]  S. Nilsson,et al.  Diet choice, resource depression, and the regular nest spacing of birds of prey , 1982 .

[30]  R. Levins,et al.  On the Characterization of Density and Resource Availability , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[31]  J. Wiens Population Responses to Patchy Environments , 1976 .

[32]  C. Perrins,et al.  Breeding Area Fidelity of Great Tits (Parus major) , 1979 .

[33]  R. R. Roth,et al.  Long-Term Dynamics of a Wood Thrush Population Breeding in a Forest Fragment , 1993 .

[34]  Ilkka Hanski,et al.  Metapopulation dynamics : empirical and theoretical investigations , 1991 .

[35]  N. Rodenhouse,et al.  TERRITORY PREFERENCE OF VESPER SPARROWS IN CROPLAND , 1984 .

[36]  T. R. E. Southwood,et al.  HABITAT, THE TEMPLET FOR ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES? , 1977 .

[37]  T. Whitham The Theory of Habitat Selection: Examined and Extended Using Pemphigus Aphids , 1980, The American Naturalist.

[38]  Gregory J. Davis,et al.  The demographic significance of ‘sink’ populations , 1991 .

[39]  John M. Emlen,et al.  Animal population dynamics: Identification of critical components , 1989 .

[40]  Peter Turchin,et al.  Population Regulation" Old Arguments and a New Synthesis , 1995 .

[41]  L. Brennan,et al.  The Habitat Concept in Ornithology , 1993 .

[42]  Timothy P. Craig,et al.  A Strong Relationship Between Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance in a Shoot-Galling Sawfly , 1989 .

[43]  C. Krebs Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance , 1973 .

[44]  J Uchmański,et al.  Individual-based modelling in ecology: what makes the difference? , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[45]  B. G. Murray On density dependence , 1994 .

[46]  H. Andrén,et al.  DESPOTIC DISTRIBUTION, UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, AND POPULATION REGULATION IN THE JAY GARRULUS GLANDARIUS L.' , 1990 .

[47]  C. Haas,et al.  Dispersal and Use of Corridors by Birds in Wooded Patches on an Agricultural Landscape , 1995 .

[48]  M. Rosenzweig,et al.  Habitat Selection and Population Interactions: The Search for Mechanism , 1991, The American Naturalist.

[49]  T. Gavin,et al.  Reproductive Correlates of Breeding-Site Fidelity in Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) , 1988 .

[50]  P. Arcese Age, intrusion pressure and defence against floaters by territorial male song sparrows , 1987, Animal Behaviour.

[51]  M. Bowers Dynamics of age- and habitat-structured populations , 1994 .

[52]  Peter R. Grant,et al.  Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches , 1986 .

[53]  Ian Newton,et al.  EXPERIMENTS ON THE LIMITATION OF BIRD NUMBERS BY TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR , 1992 .

[54]  M. Schildhauer,et al.  THE COSTS OF CHANGING SEX AND THE ONTOGENY OF MALES UNDER CONTEST COMPETITION FOR MATES , 1985, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[55]  Lenore Fahrig,et al.  Relative importance of spatial and temporal scales in a patchy environment , 1992 .

[56]  T. Getty Competitive Collusion: The Preemption of Competition During the Sequential Establishment of Territories , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[57]  L. Tinbergen,et al.  Territory and the Regulation of Density in Titmice , 1953 .

[58]  Richard H. Yahner,et al.  Changes in Wildlife Communities Near Edges , 1988 .

[59]  D. R. Strong,et al.  Density-vague population change. , 1986, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[60]  N. Groen Breeding site tenacity and natal philopatry in the black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa. , 1993 .

[61]  Gregory F. Potts Population dynamics and breeding success of the Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, on the Farne Island, Northumberland , 1980 .

[62]  N. Cappuccino,et al.  Chapter 4 – Spatial Behavior and Temporal Dynamics of Outbreak and Nonoutbreak Species , 1995 .

[63]  S. Levin,et al.  The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. , 1977, Theoretical population biology.

[64]  M. Hassell The dynamics of arthropod predator-prey systems. , 1979, Monographs in population biology.

[65]  S. Nilsson Limitation and regulations of population density in the nuthatch Sitta europaea (Aves) breeding in natural cavities , 1987 .

[66]  S. Carroll,et al.  Birds, bugs and blood: avian parasitism and conservation. , 1995, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[67]  J. Mosher,et al.  Spring Migrant Mortality during Unseasonable Weather , 1977 .

[68]  Influence of population size on habitat use by territorial male red-winged blackbirds in agricultural landscapes , 1987 .

[69]  John A. Wiens,et al.  Habitat Associations and Community Structure of Birds in Shrubsteppe Environments , 1981 .

[70]  L. Lens,et al.  EFFECTS OF FOOD AVAILABILITY AND DENSITY ON RED SQUIRREL (SCIURUS VULGARIS) REPRODUCTION , 1995 .

[71]  H. G. Andrewartha,et al.  The distribution and abundance of animals. , 1954 .

[72]  James R. Herkert,et al.  The Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Midwestern Grassland Bird Communities , 1994 .

[73]  K. Armitage SOCIAL AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOTS: Results from Long-Term Research , 1991 .

[74]  Miguel Ferrer,et al.  Density‐Dependent Fecundity by Habitat Heterogeneity in an Increasing Population of Spanish Imperial Eagles , 1996 .

[75]  P. Blancher,et al.  Site consistency in kingbird breeding performance: implications for site fidelity , 1985 .

[76]  H. Pulliam On the Evolution of Density-Regulating Behavior , 1987 .

[77]  R. Dueser,et al.  Of mice and habitats: tests for density-dependent habitat selection , 1994 .

[78]  M. Lawn Late territorial behaviour of Willow Warblers Phylloscopus trochilus , 1994 .

[79]  Johan A. J. Metz,et al.  Linking local and regional dynamics in stochastic metapopulation models , 1991 .

[80]  D. Hart,et al.  Feeding Territoriality in Aquatic Insects: Cost-Benefit Models and Experimental Tests , 1987 .

[81]  R. Holt Population dynamics in two-patch environments: Some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution , 1985 .

[82]  H. Pulliam,et al.  Sources, Sinks, and Habitat Selection: A Landscape Perspective on Population Dynamics , 1991, The American Naturalist.

[83]  E. Matthysen Behavioral and Ecological Correlates of Territory Quality in the Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) , 1990 .

[84]  M. Villard,et al.  Dynamics in subdivided populations of neotropical migratory birds in a fragmented temperate forest , 1995 .

[85]  P H Harvey,et al.  THE NATAL AND BREEDING DISPERSAL OF BIRDS , 1982 .

[86]  Jean Clobert,et al.  Density Dependence in the Common Lizard: Demographic Consequences of a Density Manipulation , 1992 .

[87]  R. Holmes,et al.  MULTIPLE BROODING AND PRODUCTIVITY OF A NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT, THE BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER (DENDROICA CAERULESCENS), IN AN UNFRAGMENTED TEMPERATE FOREST , 1992 .

[88]  Jianguo Liu,et al.  Population Dynamics in Complex Landscapes: A Case Study. , 1992, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[89]  P. Siikamäki Habitat quality and reproductive traits in the Pied Flycatcher : an experiment , 1995 .

[90]  F. Thompson,et al.  Reproductive Success of Migratory Birds in Habitat Sources and Sinks , 1995 .

[91]  S. Riechert The Consequences of Being Territorial: Spiders, a Case Study , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[92]  David A. Norton,et al.  Scale and the Spatial Concept of Fragmentation , 1990 .

[93]  J. Török,et al.  DENSITY DEPENDENCE IN REPRODUCTION OF THE COLLARED FLYCATCHER (FICEDULA ALBICOLLIS) AT HIGH POPULATION LEVELS , 1988 .

[94]  R. Holmes,et al.  Winter Habitat Quality, Population Limitation, and Conservation of Neotropical‐Nearctic Migrant Birds , 1996 .

[95]  W. Lord,et al.  Density, Distribution and Reproductive Success in Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) , 1985 .

[96]  T. Pärt,et al.  Age and reproduction in birds - hypotheses and tests. , 1995, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[97]  A. Sinclair,et al.  Population regulation in animals , 1989 .

[98]  Franz J. Weissing,et al.  The Despotic Distribution and Deferred Maturity: Two Sides of the Same Coin , 1995, The American Naturalist.

[99]  R. Holmes,et al.  HABITAT SHIFT AND ROADSIDE MORTALITY OF SCARLET TANAGERS DURING A COLD WET NEW ENGLAND SPRING , 1978 .

[100]  F. Thompson Simulated Responses of a Forest-Interior Bird Population to Forest Management Options in Central Hardwood Forests of the United States , 1993 .

[101]  R. Holmes,et al.  Results of Experimental and Natural Food Reductions for Breeding Black‐Throated Blue Warblers , 1992 .

[102]  C. F. Thompson,et al.  Site Fidelity and Habitat Quality as Determinants of Settlement Pattern in Male Painted Buntings , 1986 .

[103]  L. Fahrig,et al.  Conservation of fragmented populations , 1994 .

[104]  Bruno J. Ens,et al.  Territory Quality, Parental Effort and Reproductive Success of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) , 1992 .

[105]  William W. Murdoch,et al.  POPULATION REGULATION IN THEORY AND PRACTICE , 1994 .

[106]  Richard T. Holmes,et al.  Habitat selection by breeding american redstarts in response to a dominant competitor, the least flycatcher , 1988 .