Approach to Addressing Missing Data for Electronic Medical Records and Pharmacy Claims Data Research

The complete capture of all values for each variable of interest in pharmacy research studies remains aspirational. The absence of these possibly influential values is a common problem for pharmacist investigators. Failure to account for missing data may translate to biased study findings and conclusions. Our goal in this analysis was to apply validated statistical methods for missing data to a previously analyzed data set and compare results when missing data methods were implemented versus standard analytics that ignore missing data effects.

[1]  S. Pocock,et al.  The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. , 2007, Preventive medicine.

[2]  Neil J Stone,et al.  Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines , 2004, Circulation.

[3]  A. Acock Working With Missing Values , 2005 .

[4]  M. Gorelick,et al.  Bias arising from missing data in predictive models. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[5]  C. Ramsay,et al.  A review of RCTs in four medical journals to assess the use of imputation to overcome missing data in quality of life outcomes , 2008, Trials.

[6]  Trivellore E Raghunathan,et al.  What do we do with missing data? Some options for analysis of incomplete data. , 2004, Annual review of public health.

[7]  Garrett Fitzmaurice Missing data: implications for analysis. , 2008, Nutrition.

[8]  J. Schafer Multiple imputation: a primer , 1999, Statistical methods in medical research.

[9]  T. Stijnen,et al.  Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[10]  A. Rotnitzky,et al.  A note on the bias of estimators with missing data. , 1994, Biometrics.

[11]  A Rogier T Donders,et al.  Unpredictable bias when using the missing indicator method or complete case analysis for missing confounder values: an empirical example. , 2010, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[12]  Lena Osterhagen,et al.  Multiple Imputation For Nonresponse In Surveys , 2016 .

[13]  Ian R White,et al.  Are missing outcome data adequately handled? A review of published randomized controlled trials in major medical journals , 2004, Clinical trials.

[14]  Viju Raghupathi,et al.  Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential , 2014, Health Information Science and Systems.

[15]  K. Chan,et al.  Methods for evaluation of medication adherence and persistence using automated databases , 2006, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[16]  Qingxia Chen,et al.  Missing covariate data in medical research: to impute is better than to ignore. , 2010, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[17]  D. Rubin Multiple Imputation After 18+ Years , 1996 .

[18]  A. Gotto,et al.  Lowering LDL cholesterol: questions from recent meta-analyses and subset analyses of clinical trial DataIssues from the Interdisciplinary Council on Reducing the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease, ninth Council meeting. , 1999, Circulation.

[19]  Russell V. Lenth,et al.  Statistical Analysis With Missing Data (2nd ed.) (Book) , 2004 .

[20]  Sebastian Schneeweiss,et al.  Completeness of retail pharmacy claims data: implications for pharmacoepidemiologic studies and pharmacy practice in elderly patients. , 2009, Clinical therapeutics.

[21]  Paolo Vineis,et al.  STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology - Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): an extension of the STROBE statement. , 2011, Preventive medicine.

[22]  J. Schafer,et al.  Missing data: our view of the state of the art. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[23]  J. Hippisley-Cox,et al.  Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validation study , 2007, Heart.

[24]  D. Rubin INFERENCE AND MISSING DATA , 1975 .

[25]  Carmine Zoccali,et al.  Multiple imputation: dealing with missing data. , 2013, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[26]  Marsha A Raebel,et al.  Measurement of Adherence in Pharmacy Administrative Databases: A Proposal for Standard Definitions and Preferred Measures , 2006, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[27]  M. Bounthavong,et al.  Revisiting the medication possession ratio threshold for adherence in lipid management , 2013, Current medical research and opinion.

[28]  Nicole A. Lazar,et al.  Statistical Analysis With Missing Data , 2003, Technometrics.

[29]  Roderick J. A. Little,et al.  Statistical Analysis with Missing Data: Little/Statistical Analysis with Missing Data , 2002 .