Networking Scholars in a Networked Organization

Abstract Long-standing traditions of long-distance collaboration and networking make scholars a good test case for differentiating hype and reality in distributed, networked organizations. Our study of Canadian scholars in the GRAND research networks finds that they function more as connected individuals and less as members of a single bounded work group, often meeting their needs by tapping into diversified, loosely knit networks. Their internet use interpenetrates with in-person contact: the more they use one, the more they use the other. Despite digital networking, local proximity is important for collaboration and seniority for inter-team and interdisciplinary boundary spanning.

[1]  N. Mullins The development of a scientific specialty: The phage group and the origins of molecular biology , 1972 .

[2]  Dimitrina S. Dimitrova,et al.  Managing Collaborative Research Networks: The Dual Life of a Virtual Community of Practice , 2010, Int. J. Virtual Communities Soc. Netw..

[3]  Jennifer Glass,et al.  The hard truth about telecommuting , 2012 .

[4]  Mei Lu,et al.  How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in a global organization , 2005, Inf. Syst. J..

[5]  Caroline S. Wagner,et al.  Mapping the network of global science: comparing international co-authorships from 1990 to 2000 , 2005 .

[6]  Kathleen M. Carley,et al.  Electronic Mail and Scientific Communication , 1991 .

[7]  Miriam Souto Maior Barros,et al.  Networked: the new social operating system , 2015 .

[8]  B. Wellman,et al.  Netting Scholars , 2001 .

[9]  D. Price,et al.  Collaboration in an invisible college. , 1966, The American psychologist.

[10]  Christina Courtright,et al.  Context in information behavior research , 2007 .

[11]  Barry Wellman,et al.  Does citation reflect social structure?: Longitudinal evidence from the Globenet interdisciplinary research group , 2004, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[12]  William J. Mitchell,et al.  City of Bits , 1995, CAADRIA proceedings.

[13]  D. Crane Social Structure in a Group of Scientists: A Test of the "Invisible College" Hypothesis , 1969 .

[14]  Lee Sproull,et al.  Reducing social context cues: electronic mail in organizational communication , 1986 .

[15]  Torsten Werner,et al.  Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research , 1993 .

[16]  Anne E. Trefethen,et al.  E-Science, Cyberinfrastructure, and Scholarly Communication , 2008 .

[17]  S. Feld The Focused Organization of Social Ties , 1981, American Journal of Sociology.

[18]  White,et al.  Cites and Fights: Material Entailment Analysis of the Eighteenth-century Chemical Revolution , 1988 .

[19]  Monica C. Higgins,et al.  The Sidekick Effect: Mentoring Relationships and the Development of Social Capital , 1999 .

[20]  Emmanuel Koku,et al.  Research Communities in Context: Trust, Independence, and Technology in Professional Communities , 2009 .

[21]  B. Wellman,et al.  The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships: Personal Relationships: On and Off the Internet , 2006 .

[22]  D. Crane SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN A GROUP OF SCIENTISTS: A TEST OF THE “INVISIBLE COLLEGE” HYPOTHESIS* , 1977 .

[23]  Jeremy Birnholtz,et al.  When do Researchers Collaborate? Toward a Model of Collaboration Propensity in Science and Engineering Research , 2005 .

[24]  M. Ruffin On being digital. , 1995, Physician executive.

[25]  Donald de B. Beaver,et al.  Studies in scientific collaboration Part III. Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific co-authorship , 1979, Scientometrics.

[26]  David Fishlock,et al.  Alone or Together , 1967 .

[27]  B. Wellman,et al.  Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size From 2002 to 2007 , 2010 .

[28]  S. Glotzer Some Assembly Required , 2004, Science.

[29]  Derek Taylor,et al.  It Was Twenty Years Ago Today , 1987 .

[30]  Kathleen M. Carley,et al.  Network Structure in Virtual Organizations , 1999 .

[31]  Scott Davidson,et al.  Twenty Years Ago Today , 2000, IEEE Des. Test Comput..

[32]  Ezra W. Zuckerman,et al.  Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams , 2001 .

[33]  Caroline Haythornthwaite,et al.  Work, Friendship, and Media Use for Information Exchange in a Networked Organization , 1998, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[34]  Diana Crane,et al.  Invisible colleges. Diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities , 1972, Medical History.

[35]  R. Breiger The Duality of Persons and Groups , 1974 .

[36]  Tiago Moreira,et al.  Structures of Scientific Collaboration , 2009 .

[37]  Judith S. Olson,et al.  Mitigating the effects of distance on collaborative intellectual work , 2003 .

[38]  Azy Barak,et al.  Psychological Aspects of Cyberspace: Theory, Research, Applications , 2008 .

[39]  Daniel J. Brass,et al.  Intraorganizational Networks: The Micro Side , 1994 .

[40]  Richard Florida,et al.  The rise of the creative class, revisited , 2012 .

[41]  Barry Wellman,et al.  Local Virtuality in a High-Tech Networked Organization , 2004 .

[42]  Donald de B. Beaver,et al.  Studies in scientific collaboration , 1978, Scientometrics.

[43]  Anita L. Vangelisti,et al.  The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships: RELATIONAL QUALITIES , 2006 .

[44]  Noah E. Friedkin,et al.  Information flow through strong and weak ties in intraorganizational social networks , 1982 .

[45]  S. D. Berkowitz,et al.  Social Structures: A Network Approach , 1989 .

[46]  Jonathon N. Cummings,et al.  Coordination costs and project outcomes in multi-university collaborations , 2007 .

[47]  Julie Collins-Dogrul,et al.  Tertius Iungens Brokerage and Transnational Intersectoral Cooperation , 2012 .

[48]  Reprints and permission: , 2009 .

[49]  B. Erickson,et al.  Corporate Social Capital and Liability , 2002 .

[50]  John L. Gresham From Invisible College to Cyberspace College: Computer Conferencing and the Transformation of Informal Scholarly Communication Networks. , 1994 .

[51]  S. Rafaeli,et al.  Psychological Aspects of Cyberspace: Online Motivational Factors: Incentives for Participation and Contribution in Wikipedia , 2008 .

[52]  The Beggar and the Professor: A Sixteenth-Century Family Saga , 1997 .

[53]  C. P. Snow,et al.  The two cultures , 2006, Nature.

[54]  Iain Pears An Instance of the Fingerpost , 1997 .

[55]  E. Wynn,et al.  Virtuality and Team Performance: Understanding the Impact of Variety of Practices , 2006 .

[56]  Carolyn Penstein Rosé,et al.  Motivation and Collaboration On-Line , 2009, AIED.

[57]  Frances Cairncross,et al.  The death of distance , 1997 .

[58]  Judith S. Olson,et al.  From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[59]  Gary T. Marx Surveillance Studies , 2015 .

[60]  Blaise Cronin,et al.  Invisible Colleges and Information Transfer a Review and Commentary with particular Reference to the Social Sciences , 1982, J. Documentation.

[61]  Keith N. Hampton,et al.  Living Networked On and Offline , 1999 .

[62]  Evangelos Kranakis,et al.  Advances in Network Analysis and its Applications , 2012 .

[63]  David L. T. Anderson,et al.  Science Since Babylon , 1961 .