Nature and origins of virtual environments: a bibliographical essay

—Virtual environments presented via head-mounted, computer-driven displays provide a new media for communication. They may be analyzed by considering: (1) what may be meant by an environment; (2) what is meant by the process of virtualization; and (3) some aspects of human performance that constrain environmental design. Their origins are traced from previous work in vehicle simulation and multimedia research. Pointers are provided to key technical references, in the dispersed, archival literature, that are relevant to the development and evaluation of virtual-environment interface systems.

[1]  Henk G. Stassen,et al.  The Internal Model Concept: An Application to Modeling Human Control of Large Ships , 1977 .

[2]  Steve Bryson,et al.  Virtual environment for the exploration of three-dimensional steady flows , 1991, Electronic Imaging.

[3]  Blake Hannaford,et al.  A design framework for teleoperators with kinesthetic feedback , 1989, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[4]  R. Gregory Perceptions as hypotheses. , 1980, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[5]  J M Foley,et al.  Binocular distance perception: egocentric distance tasks. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[6]  Henry Fuchs,et al.  A real-time optical 3D tracker for head-mounted display systems , 1990, I3D '90.

[7]  Scott H. Foster,et al.  A Virtual Display System for Conveying Three-Dimensional Acoustic Information , 1988 .

[8]  Gerard Hanley,et al.  The Placement and Misplacement of You-Are-Here Maps , 1984 .

[9]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  Symbolic Enhancement of Perspective Displays , 1990 .

[10]  Lawrence Stark,et al.  On-the-screen visual enhancements for a telerobotic vision system , 1988, Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[11]  Michael Venturino,et al.  Performance and head movements using a helmet-mounted display with different sized fields-of-view , 1990 .

[12]  Hideo Kusaka,et al.  Psychophysical Analysis of the “Sensation of Reality” Induced by a Visual Wide-Field Display , 1980 .

[13]  H Collewijn,et al.  Binocular eye movements and the perception of depth. , 1990, Reviews of oculomotor research.

[14]  R. Tomovic,et al.  An adaptive artificial hand , 1962 .

[15]  Steven K. Feiner,et al.  Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds , 1990, UIST '90.

[16]  Bernard D. Adelstein,et al.  A high performance two degree-of-freedom kinesthetic interface , 1991 .

[17]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  Pictorial Communication: Pictures and the Synthetic Universe , 1991 .

[18]  J. W. Voorhees,et al.  Simulation of an advanced scout attack helicopter for crew station studies , 1987 .

[19]  Jonathan Grudin,et al.  Language evolution and human-computer interaction , 1991 .

[20]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Energy constraints on parameterized models , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[21]  Allan D. Jepson,et al.  Visual Perception of Three-Dimensional Motion , 1990, Neural Computation.

[22]  F. P. Brooks,et al.  Grasping reality through illusion—interactive graphics serving science , 1988, CHI '88.

[23]  Nathaniel I. Durlach,et al.  Telepresence, time delay and adaptation , 1991 .

[24]  D Regan,et al.  Visually guided locomotion: psychophysical evidence for a neural mechanism sensitive to flow patterns. , 1979, Science.

[25]  Jaron Lanier,et al.  A hand gesture interface device , 1987, CHI 1987.

[26]  A K Bejczy,et al.  Sensors, Controls, and Man-Machine Interface for Advanced Teleoperation , 1980, Science.

[27]  L. Stark,et al.  Most naturally occurring human saccades have magnitudes of 15 degrees or less. , 1975, Investigative ophthalmology.

[28]  Frederick P. Brooks,et al.  Force display performs better than visual display in a simple 6-D docking task , 1989, Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[29]  Chris L. Jackins,et al.  Oct-trees and their use in representing three-dimensional objects , 1980 .

[30]  J. M. Foley Binocular distance perception. , 1980, Psychological review.

[31]  Ivan E. Sutherland,et al.  The Ultimate Display , 1965 .

[32]  H. Collewijn,et al.  Eye movements and stereopsis during dichoptic viewing of moving random-dot stereograms , 1985, Vision Research.

[33]  Frederick P. Brooks,et al.  Towards image realism with interactive update rates in complex virtual building environments , 1990, I3D '90.

[34]  R. Gregory,et al.  Perceptual illusions and brain models , 1968, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[35]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  The Emergence of Zipf's Law: Spontaneous Encoding Optimization by Users of a Command Language , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[36]  F. Raab,et al.  Magnetic Position and Orientation Tracking System , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[37]  F L Wightman,et al.  Headphone simulation of free-field listening. I: Stimulus synthesis. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  Perspective Traffic Display Format and Airline Pilot Traffic Avoidance , 1987 .

[39]  S R Ellis,et al.  The Effect of Perspective Geometry on Judged Direction in Spatial Information Instruments , 1986, Human factors.

[40]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  Design and evaluation of a visual display aid for orbital maneuvering , 1991 .

[41]  Won S. Kim,et al.  The phantom robot: predictive displays for teleoperation with time delay , 1990, Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[42]  Waldo R. Tobler,et al.  Geographic Area and Map Projections , 1963 .

[43]  Norman I. Badler,et al.  Interactive real-time articulated figure manipulation using multiple kinematic constraints , 1990, I3D '90.

[44]  Thomas B. Sheridan,et al.  Effects of predicted information in teleoperation with time delay , 1986 .

[45]  C. Oman Sensory conflict in motion sickness: an Observer Theory approach , 1991 .

[46]  H. Collewijn,et al.  Motion perception during dichoptic viewing of moving random-dot stereograms , 1985, Vision Research.

[47]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  The dynamics of orbital maneuvering: Design and evaluation of a visual display aid for human controllers , 1990 .

[48]  James Blinn The making of The Mechanical Universe , 1991 .

[49]  W. H. Zangemeister,et al.  FIXATION SUPPRESSION OF THE VESTIBULAR OCULAR REFLEX AND HEAD MOVEMENT CORRELATED EEG POTENTIALS , 1987 .

[50]  Antonio Pedotti,et al.  Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion , 1978 .

[51]  David L. Kleinman,et al.  An optimal control model of human response part I: Theory and validation , 1970 .

[52]  J. Foley Interfaces for advanced computing , 1987 .

[53]  Andrew Lippman,et al.  Movie-maps: An application of the optical videodisc to computer graphics , 1980, SIGGRAPH '80.

[54]  Shimon Y. Nof,et al.  Operational analysis of an autonomous assembly robotic station , 1989, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[55]  Donald P. Greenberg,et al.  Computers and Architecture , 1991 .

[56]  Eric Harslem,et al.  The star user interface: an overview , 1899, AFIPS '82.

[57]  Ron Daniel,et al.  Specification and design of input devices for teleoperation , 1990, Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[58]  T Takeda,et al.  Three-dimensional optometer. , 1988, Applied optics.

[59]  Scott S. Fisher,et al.  Implementation and integration of a counterbalanced CRT-based stereoscopic display for interactive viewpoint control in virtual-environment applications , 1990, Other Conferences.

[60]  F. Wightman,et al.  Acoustic origins of individual differences in sound localization behavior , 1988 .

[61]  J. K. Salisbury,et al.  Kinesthetic coupling between operator and remote manipulator , 1980 .

[62]  R. Held,et al.  Adaptation to displaced and delayed visual feedback from the hand. , 1966 .

[63]  Ivan E. Sutherland,et al.  On the design of display processors , 1968, Commun. ACM.

[64]  E. Miller Software Quality Assurance , 1979, Computer.

[65]  Warren Robinett,et al.  Virtual environment display system , 1987, I3D '86.

[66]  Peter Kazanzides,et al.  An image-directed robotic system for hip replacemetn surgery. , 1990 .

[67]  R. E. Kalman,et al.  Contributions to the Theory of Optimal Control , 1960 .

[68]  Stephen C. Jacobsen,et al.  The UTAH/M.I.T. Dextrous Hand: Work in Progress , 1984 .

[69]  James H. Clark,et al.  The Geometry Engine , 1982, SIGGRAPH.

[70]  F L Wightman,et al.  Headphone simulation of free-field listening. II: Psychophysical validation. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[71]  D H Weir,et al.  Theory of manual vehicular control. , 1969, Ergonomics.