Three-dimensional analysis of human walking: Experimental methods and associated artifacts☆

Abstract In the context of clinical gait analysis, experimental and analytical problems associated with the assessment of joint kinematics and kinetics are dealt with. Reference is made to the 3-D analysis of the lower limb during walking carried out using a stereometric optoelectronic system and forceplate. Experiments are described aiming at the determination of both instrumental inaccuracies and artifacts due to the movement of skin markers with respect to the underlying bone.