Hydrophobins: proteins with potential.

Hydrophobins are self-assembling proteins of fungal origin. Their ability to self-assemble into an amphipathic membrane is of interest for many different applications, ranging from medical and technical coatings to the production of proteinaceous glue and cosmetics. Assembled hydrophobins can modify surface characteristics, thus controling the binding properties of the surface; for example, enzymes can be actively and non-covalently immobilized on electrode surfaces and medical coatings can be improved for biocompatibility. Over the past few years research on hydrophobins has contributed to a better understanding of the self-assembly process and is generating more handles to control and manipulate the process. This knowledge could have an immediate effect on production levels, which are not yet adequate, and provide the boost needed for hydrophobins to reach their full potential.

[1]  Olli Ikkala,et al.  Aggregation and self-assembly of hydrophobins from Trichoderma reesei: low-resolution structural models. , 2002, Biophysical journal.

[2]  A. Carlsson,et al.  Model study of protein unfolding by interfaces. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[3]  M. Penttilä,et al.  The hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII from Trichoderma reesei showing efficient interactions with nonionic surfactants in aqueous two-phase systems. , 2001, Biomacromolecules.

[4]  G. Robillard,et al.  Structural characterization of the hydrophobin SC3, as a monomer and after self-assembly at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces. , 1998, Biophysical journal.

[5]  H. Wösten,et al.  Hydrophobins: multipurpose proteins. , 2001, Annual review of microbiology.

[6]  E. Elstner,et al.  Are Hydrophobins and/or Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Proteins Responsible for Gushing in Beer? New Hypotheses on the Chemical Nature of Gushing Inducing Factors , 2002, Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences.

[7]  Merja Penttilä,et al.  Surface adhesion of fusion proteins containing the hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII from Trichoderma reesei , 2002, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[8]  J. Wessels,et al.  Interfacial Self-Assembly of a Fungal Hydrophobin into a Hydrophobic Rodlet Layer. , 1993, The Plant cell.

[9]  F. Schuren,et al.  Two genes specifically expressed in fruiting dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune: homologies with a gene not regulated by mating-type genes. , 1990, Gene.

[10]  M. Sticklen,et al.  Dutch elm disease research : cellular and molecular approaches , 1994 .

[11]  Ronen Zangi,et al.  Molecular dynamics study of the folding of hydrophobin SC3 at a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface. , 2002, Biophysical journal.

[12]  J. Mackay,et al.  The hydrophobin EAS is largely unstructured in solution and functions by forming amyloid-like structures. , 2001, Structure.

[13]  D. Ebbole.  Hydrophobins and fungal infection of plants and animals. , 1997, Trends in microbiology.

[14]  P. Russo,et al.  The surface activity of the phytotoxin cerato-ulmin , 1982 .

[15]  J. Wessels,et al.  Hydrophobin Genes Involved in Formation of Aerial Hyphae and Fruit Bodies in Schizophyllum. , 1991, The Plant cell.

[16]  Merja Penttilä,et al.  Atomic Resolution Structure of the HFBII Hydrophobin, a Self-assembling Amphiphile* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  H. Wösten,et al.  Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled. , 2000, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[18]  H. Wösten,et al.  Expression and Engineering of Fungal Hydrophobins , 2005 .

[19]  J. Wessels,et al.  Hydrophobins: proteins that change the nature of the fungal surface. , 1997, Advances in microbial physiology.

[20]  H. Wösten,et al.  SC3 and SC4 hydrophobins have distinct roles in formation of aerial structures in dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune , 2000, Molecular microbiology.

[21]  Merja Penttilä,et al.  Structural hierarchy in molecular films of two class II hydrophobins. , 2003, Biochemistry.

[22]  D. Villalon,et al.  Effect of a virus on accumulation of a tissue-specific cell-surface protein of the fungus Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica. , 1992, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[23]  J. Drenth,et al.  The fungal hydrophobin Sc3p self-assembles at the surface of aerial hyphae as a protein membrane constituting the hydrophobic rodlet layer. , 1994, European journal of cell biology.

[24]  F. Schuren,et al.  Interfacial self‐assembly of a hydrophobin into an amphipathic protein membrane mediates fungal attachment to hydrophobic surfaces. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[25]  H. Busscher,et al.  How a fungus escapes the water to grow into the air , 1999, Current Biology.

[26]  J. Visser,et al.  The Agaricus bisporus hypA gene encodes a hydrophobin and specifically accumulates in peel tissue of mushroom caps during fruit body development. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  J. Wessels,et al.  Homology-dependent silencing of the SC3 gene in Schizophyllum commune. , 1997, Genetics.

[28]  L. Lugones,et al.  An abundant hydrophobin (ABH1) forms hydrophobic rodlet layers in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies. , 1996, Microbiology.

[29]  L. Dijkhuizen,et al.  Coating with genetic engineered hydrophobin promotes growth of fibroblasts on a hydrophobic solid. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[30]  P. A. Horgen,et al.  Lack of association between cerato-ulmin production and virulence in Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. , 1996, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[31]  M. Tenkanen,et al.  Overproduction, purification, and characterization of the Trichoderma reesei hydrophobin HFBI , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[32]  T. Fowler,et al.  Scooter, a new active transposon in Schizophyllum commune, has disrupted two genes regulating signal transduction. , 2000, Genetics.

[33]  F. Martin,et al.  Cloning and characterization of hydrophobins-encoding cDNAs from the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius , 1996 .

[34]  Roberto Fernández-Lafuente,et al.  Solid-phase handling of hydrophobins: immobilized hydrophobins as a new tool to study lipases. , 2003, Biomacromolecules.

[35]  N. Talbot,et al.  MPG1 Encodes a Fungal Hydrophobin Involved in Surface Interactions during Infection-Related Development of Magnaporthe grisea. , 1996, The Plant cell.

[36]  F. Martin,et al.  Immunolocalization of hydrophobin HYDPt-1 from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius during colonization of Eucalyptus globulus roots. , 2001, The New phytologist.

[37]  J. Wessels.  DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF FUNGAL CELL-WALL FORMATION , 1994 .

[38]  D. Tagu,et al.  Modification of Electrodes with Self-Assembled Hydrophobin Layers , 2001 .

[39]  R. Honegger,et al.  Interfacial self-assembly of fungal hydrophobins of the lichen-forming ascomycetes Xanthoria parietina and X. ectaneoides. , 2000, Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.

[40]  P. Miles,et al.  MORPHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE I. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE THIN MUTATION , 1967 .

[41]  Merja Penttilä,et al.  Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Trichoderma reesei hydrophobin HFBI. , 2004, Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography.

[42]  Karl Esser,et al.  The Mycota : a comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research , 1994 .

[43]  W. Surewicz,et al.  Amino Acid Sequence and Spectroscopic Studies of Dutch Elm Disease Toxin, Cerato-ulmin , 1993 .

[44]  Frank H. J. Schuren,et al.  Targeted mutation of the SC3 hydrophobin gene of Schizophyllum commune affects formation of aerial hyphae , 1996 .

[45]  L. Bernier,et al.  Cerato-ulmin, a hydrophobin secreted by the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, is a parasitic fitness factor. , 1997, Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.

[46]  Han A. B. Wösten,et al.  Insoluble hydrophobin complexes in the walls of Schizophyllum commune and other filamentous fungi , 1993, Archives of Microbiology.

[47]  H. Wösten,et al.  A hydrophobin (ABH3) specifically secreted by vegetatively growing hyphae of Agaricus bisporus (common white button mushroom). , 1998, Microbiology.

[48]  Alain Walcarius,et al.  Preparing catalytic surfaces for sensing applications by immobilizing enzymes via hydrophobin layers. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[49]  R. Honegger.  Functional Aspects of the Lichen Symbiosis , 1991 .

[50]  Merja Penttilä,et al.  Large-scale separation and production of engineered proteins, designed for facilitated recovery in detergent-based aqueous two-phase extraction systems , 2004 .

[51]  J. Raper,et al.  The Genetics of Schizophyllum Commune. , 1958, Genetics.

[52]  W. Timberlake,et al.  Cerato-ulmin, a toxin involved in Dutch elm disease, is a fungal hydrophobin. , 1993, The Plant cell.

[53]  J. Springer,et al.  The thn mutation of Schizophyllum commune, which suppresses formation of aerial hyphae, affects expression of the Sc3 hydrophobin gene. , 1991, Journal of general microbiology.