Physiological changes in the adenosine deaminase activity, antioxidant and inflammatory parameters in pregnant cows and at post‐partum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, as well as its participation in the immunomodulation of pregnant cows. Thus, sixteen cows were divided into two groups (A and B): the group A was composed by cows not pregnant (n = 8), while the group B was composed by pregnant cows (n = 8). Serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as ADA and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, were measured on five sampling times (3, 5, 7 and 8 months of gestation, and soon after calving). Serum ADA activity was similar throughout the experiment in the cows belonging to the group A, but its activity increased during the experiment in cows from the group B, that is it was lower in the third and fifth months of pregnancy, and higher on months 7, 8 and after calving when compared to the group A. TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels were lower in pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant animals; however, they significantly increased after calving. Serum levels of IL-10 increased after 8 months of gestation, but it reduced after calving when compared to the group A, while CRP increased on month 8 of gestation and after calving compared to the group A. Pregnant cows showed lower serum ROS levels on months 3, 5 and 7 of gestation, and higher levels at the post-partum. Serum GST activity was higher on month 5 of gestation in pregnant cows, but it was lower on months 7, 8 and in the post-partum compared to the group A. Based on these evidence, we concluded that ADA activity and the others mediators or inflammatory modulators have important role in the maintenance of cow's gestation due to their immunomodulatory effects.

[1]  G. Machado,et al.  Relation between calcium levels and adenosine deaminase activity in serum in pre- and postpartum of dairy cow , 2016, Comparative Clinical Pathology.

[2]  S. P. Anthony,et al.  Periparturient stress and immune suppression as a potential cause of retained placenta in highly productive dairy cows: examples of prevention , 2015, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica.

[3]  Z. Kostecká,et al.  Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in dairy cows during prepartal and postpartal periods , 2015 .

[4]  C. Winterbourn.  Are free radicals involved in thiol-based redox signaling? , 2015, Free radical biology & medicine.

[5]  M. Ebrahimi,et al.  Comparing the Effect of Oral Supplementation of Vitamin E, Injective Vitamin E and Selenium or Both during Late Pregnancy on Production and Reproductive Performance and Immune Function of Dairy Cows and Calves , 2014, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[6]  P. Chatterjee,et al.  Regulation of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 during Pregnancy , 2014, Front. Immunol..

[7]  M. Aringer,et al.  Role of interleukin‐6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue , 2012, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[8]  P. Rana,et al.  C-reactive protein and early mortality in acute ischemic stroke. , 2012, Kathmandu University medical journal.

[9]  A. Kipar,et al.  Up Regulation of the Maternal Immune Response in the Placenta of Cattle Naturally Infected with Neospora caninum , 2011, PloS one.

[10]  R. Sabat,et al.  Biology of interleukin-10. , 2010, Cytokine & growth factor reviews.

[11]  G. Burnstock.  Purinergic signalling--an overview. , 2008, Novartis Foundation symposium.

[12]  Ill-Hwa Kim,et al.  Pregnancy loss in dairy cows: the contributing factors, the effects on reproductive performance and the economic impact , 2007, Journal of veterinary science.

[13]  Young Han Kim,et al.  Changes in Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity during Normal Pregnancy , 2007, Journal of Korean Medical Science.

[14]  A. Heazell,et al.  Oxidative stress and pregnancy outcome: a workshop report. , 2007, Placenta.

[15]  S. Sahn,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion in 2006. , 2007, Chest.

[16]  F. Tuon,et al.  Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous pericarditis--a systematic review with meta-analysis. , 2006, Acta tropica.

[17]  C. Biondi,et al.  The role and modulation of the oxidative balance in pregnancy. , 2005, Current pharmaceutical design.

[18]  H. Iwai,et al.  Changes in interleukin-6 concentration in peripheral blood of pre- and post-partum dairy cattle and its relationship to postpartum reproductive diseases. , 2004, The Journal of veterinary medical science.

[19]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Regulation of bone resorption and formation by purines and pyrimidines. , 2003, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[20]  N. Webster,et al.  Oxidative stress and gene expression in sepsis. , 2003, British journal of anaesthesia.

[21]  Y. Kuwabara,et al.  Regulation of Plasma Adenosine Levels in Normal Pregnancy , 2002, Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation.

[22]  C. Herrera,et al.  Cytokines regulate membrane adenosine deaminase on human activated lymphocytes , 2001, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[23]  S. Rivkees,et al.  Influences of adenosine on the fetus and newborn. , 2001, Molecular genetics and metabolism.

[24]  T. S. Fröde,et al.  Myeloperoxidase and adenosine-deaminase levels in the pleural fluid leakage induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy. , 2001, Mediators of inflammation.

[25]  Y. Menezo,et al.  Oxidative stress and protection against reactive oxygen species in the pre-implantation embryo and its surroundings. , 2001, Human reproduction update.

[26]  T. D. Du Clos,et al.  Function of C-reactive protein. , 2000 .

[27]  T. D. Du Clos.  Function of C-reactive protein , 2000, Annals of medicine.

[28]  Y. Higuchi,et al.  Glutathione depletion induces giant DNA and high-molecular-weight DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis through lipid peroxidation and protein kinase C activation in C6 glioma cells. , 1999, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[29]  F. Ciruela,et al.  Cell surface adenosine deaminase: Much more than an ectoenzyme , 1997, Progress in Neurobiology.

[30]  J. Crapo,et al.  Generation and disposal of reactive oxygen metabolites in the lung. , 1995, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[31]  Barry Halliwell,et al.  DNA damage by oxygen‐derived species Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems , 1991, FEBS letters.

[32]  R. Aitken,et al.  Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function. , 1989, Biology of reproduction.

[33]  W B Jakoby,et al.  Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. , 1974, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  M. Sim,et al.  Variation in placental adenosine deaminase activity during gestation. , 1970, Biology of reproduction.

[35]  M. Maes,et al.  Depression, traumatic stress and interleukin-6. , 2010, Journal of affective disorders.

[36]  T. R. Hansen,et al.  Regulation of interferon-stimulated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes in pregnant and bred, nonpregnant dairy cows. , 2007, Journal of dairy science.

[37]  D. Leibfritz,et al.  Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. , 2007, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[38]  A. Składanowski,et al.  Adenosine as a metabolic regulator of tissue function: production of adenosine by cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidases. , 2006, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[39]  M. Bours,et al.  Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. , 2006, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[40]  Xiao-hui Liu,et al.  Does adenosine deaminase play a key role in coronary artery disease. , 2006, Medical hypotheses.

[41]  W. Pearson,et al.  Nomenclature for mammalian soluble glutathione transferases. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[42]  J. Fujii,et al.  Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Open Access Fundamental Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Protective Mechanisms in the Female Reproductive System , 2022 .

[43]  B. Cronstein,et al.  Adenosine: an endogenous regulator of innate immunity. , 2004, Trends in immunology.

[44]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Cellular distribution and functions of P2 receptor subtypes in different systems. , 2004, International review of cytology.

[45]  S. Witkin,et al.  Dexamethasone or interleukin-10 blocks interleukin-1beta-induced uterine contractions in pregnant rhesus monkeys. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[46]  K. P. Waller.  Mammary Gland Immunology Around Parturition , 2002 .

[47]  K. P. Waller.  Mammary gland immunology around parturition. Influence of stress, nutrition and genetics. , 2000, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[48]  B. Cronstein.  Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. , 1994, Journal of applied physiology.

[49]  S. Bondy,et al.  Reactive oxygen species formation as a biomarker of methylmercury and trimethyltin neurotoxicity. , 1992, Neurotoxicology.

[50]  C. Gakis,et al.  Temperature conversion factors, activation energy, relative substrate specificity and optimum pH of adenosine deaminase from human serum and tissues. , 1971, Enzyme.