Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008

Despite declines in incidence rates for the most common cancers, the incidence of several cancers has increased in the past decade, including cancers of the pancreas, liver, thyroid, and kidney and melanoma of the skin, as well as esophageal adenocarcinoma and certain subsites of oropharyngeal cancer associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Population‐based incidence data compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries were used to examine trends in incidence rates from 1999 through 2008 for the 7 cancers listed by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, and stage at diagnosis. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate average annual percent changes in incidence rates (1999‐2008). Rates for HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, cancer of the pancreas, and melanoma of the skin increased only in whites, except for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which also increased in Hispanic men. Liver cancer rates increased in white, black, and Hispanic men and in black women only. In contrast, incidence rates for thyroid and kidney cancers increased in all racial/ethnic groups, except American Indian/Alaska Native men. Increases in incidence rates by age were steepest for liver and HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancers among those aged 54 to 64 years and for melanoma of the skin in those aged 65 years and older. Notably, for HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer in men and thyroid cancer in women, incidence rates were higher in those aged 55 to 64 years than in those aged 65 years and older. Rates increased for both local and advanced stage diseases for most cancer sites. The reasons for these increasing trends are not entirely known. Part of the increase (for esophageal adenocarcinoma and cancers of the pancreas, liver, and kidney) may be linked to the increasing prevalence of obesity as well as increases in early detection practices for some cancers. These rising trends will exacerbate the growing cancer burden associated with population expansion and aging. Additional research is needed to determine the underlying reasons for these increasing trends. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.

[1]  U. Ekrikpo,et al.  Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in South East England: 1987–2006 , 2011, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.

[2]  J. Knowelden,et al.  Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention , 1976, British Journal of Cancer.

[3]  E. Feuer,et al.  Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. , 2000, Statistics in medicine.

[4]  J. Bruix,et al.  Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: is there an optimal strategy? , 2003, Cancer Treatment Reviews.

[5]  R. Hayes,et al.  Sexual behaviours and the risk of head and neck cancers: a pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. , 2010, International journal of epidemiology.

[6]  E L Murphy,et al.  Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  D. Sidransky,et al.  Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[8]  K. Lillemoe,et al.  Why Do Black Americans Have a Higher Risk of Pancreatic Cancer than White Americans? , 2003, Epidemiology.

[9]  J. Emparanza,et al.  [The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection]. , 1998, Gastroenterologia y hepatologia.

[10]  M. Suntharalingam,et al.  Racial Survival Disparity in Head and Neck Cancer Results from Low Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Black Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients , 2009, Cancer Prevention Research.

[11]  Hyune-Ju Kim,et al.  Kim H-J, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN, ‘ Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates’. Statistics in Medicine 2000 19:335–351 , 2001 .

[12]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. , 2010, JAMA.

[13]  O. Brawley.  Oropharyngeal Cancer, Race, and the Human Papillomavirus , 2009, Cancer Prevention Research.

[14]  M. Alter,et al.  The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002 , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[15]  Amy Y. Chen,et al.  Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988–2005 , 2009, Cancer.

[16]  Chaoyang Li,et al.  Increasing Trends in Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity among U.S. Adults , 2007, Obesity.

[17]  H. Jessen,et al.  Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV Infection and disease in males. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  Peter D Siersema,et al.  Esophageal cancer. , 2008, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[19]  J. Weissfeld,et al.  Etiology of Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[20]  R. Hruban,et al.  Can we screen high‐risk individuals to detect early pancreatic carcinoma? , 2000, Journal of surgical oncology.

[21]  M. Tucker,et al.  Recent trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma among US Caucasian young adults. , 2008, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[22]  L. Gravitz.  Liver cancer , 2014, Nature.

[23]  A. D. de González,et al.  A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer , 2003, British Journal of Cancer.

[24]  Kenneth K Wang,et al.  Updated Guidelines 2008 for the Diagnosis, Surveillance and Therapy of Barrett's Esophagus , 1998, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[25]  J. Lagergren,et al.  Association between Body Mass and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[26]  Carole Fakhry,et al.  Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  L. Brown,et al.  Oropharyngeal cancer incidence trends: diminishing racial disparities , 2011, Cancer Causes & Control.

[28]  Esther Kim,et al.  Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. , 2011, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[29]  S. Devesa,et al.  Thyroid cancer incidence patterns in the United States by histologic type, 1992-2006. , 2011, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[30]  H. Margolis,et al.  A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. , 2005, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[31]  F. Mícek.  [Cancer of the pancreas]. , 1965, Bratislavske lekarske listy.

[32]  L. G. Koss,et al.  Cervical Cancer , 1981, Current Topics in Pathology.

[33]  R. Sampliner,et al.  Practice guidelines on the diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy of Barrett's esophagus , 1998, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[34]  R. Groszmann,et al.  American association for the study of liver diseases , 1992 .

[35]  J L Warren,et al.  Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. , 1999, JAMA.

[36]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions , 2007 .

[37]  J. Lynch,et al.  Increasing incidence of all stages of kidney cancer in the last 2 decades in the United States: an analysis of surveillance, epidemiology and end results program data. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[38]  E. Mazzaferri,et al.  Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the United States, 1973–2002Davies L, Welch HG (Dept of Veterans Affairs Med Ctr, White River Junction, Vt; Darmouth Med School, Hanover, NH) JAMA 295:2164–2167, 2006§ , 2007 .

[39]  A. Lok,et al.  Does antiviral therapy for hepatitis B and C prevent hepatocellular carcinoma? , 2011, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[40]  A. Jemal,et al.  Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the United States. , 2001, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[41]  B Romanowski,et al.  Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women , 2009, The Lancet.

[42]  Edson Duarte Moreira Júnior,et al.  Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[43]  B. Bell,et al.  National Trends and Disparities in the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 1998–2003 , 2008, Preventing chronic disease.

[44]  P DESAIVE,et al.  [Thyroid cancer]. , 1951, Revue medicale de Liege.

[45]  E. Sturgis,et al.  Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in relation to smoking prevalence , 2007, Cancer.

[46]  Colin W Shepard,et al.  Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination. , 2006, Epidemiologic reviews.

[47]  Louise Davies,et al.  Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. , 2006, JAMA.

[48]  A. Lindgren,et al.  Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[49]  J. Lagergren.  Controversies surrounding body mass, reflux, and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. , 2006, The Lancet. Oncology.

[50]  Ahmedin Jemal,et al.  Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden , 2002, Cancer.

[51]  J. Bruix,et al.  Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update , 2011, Hepatology.

[52]  M. Alter,et al.  A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States , 2006, Pediatrics.

[53]  Qingzhao Yu,et al.  Comparisons of directly coded SEER Summary Stage 2000 and Collaborative Staging Derived SEER Summary Stage 2000. , 2010, Journal of registry management.

[54]  A. Chaturvedi,et al.  Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. , 2008, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[55]  F. Islami,et al.  Helicobacter pylori and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis , 2008, Cancer Prevention Research.

[56]  S. Devesa,et al.  Rising Thyroid Cancer Incidence in the United States by Demographic and Tumor Characteristics, 1980-2005 , 2009, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[57]  F. Bray,et al.  Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. , 2006, Vaccine.

[58]  J. M. Calvo Romero,et al.  Gastric adenocarcinoma and kidney transplantation , 1998 .

[59]  H. Welch,et al.  The increasing incidence of small thyroid cancers: Where are the cases coming from? , 2010, The Laryngoscope.