Global EV Outlook 2018

.................................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Highlights ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .................................................................................................................................. 6 Findings and recommendations ............................................................................................................... 9 Reference ............................................................................................................................... 27 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Electric Vehicles Initiative .......................................................................................................28 Scope, content and structure of the report .............................................................................. 31 1. Status of electric mobility ................................................................................................................... 32 Vehicle and charger deployment ............................................................................................. 32 Energy use and well-to-wheel GHG emissions ......................................................................... 50 References .............................................................................................................................. 52 2. Prospects for electric mobility development ....................................................................................... 58 Electric mobility targets: Recent developments ..................................................................... 60 Policy updates: Vehicles and charging infrastructure............................................................... 61 Industry roll-out plans ............................................................................................................. 83 References ............................................................................................................................. 94 3. Outlook ............................................................................................................................................. 114 Scenario definitions .............................................................................................................. 114 Electric vehicle projections .................................................................................................... 115 Implications for automotive batteries ................................................................................... 128 Charging infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 133 Impacts of electric mobility on energy demand ..................................................................... 140 Implications of electric mobility for GHG emissions ............................................................... 142 References ............................................................................................................................ 144 4. Electric vehicle life-cycle GHG emissions ........................................................................................... 151 Context 151 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 153 Key insights .......................................................................................................................... 154 Detailed assessment ............................................................................................................. 155 References ............................................................................................................................ 164 5. Challenges and solutions for EV deployment .................................................................................... 165 Vehicle and battery costs ...................................................................................................... 165 Supply and value chain sustainability of battery materials ..................................................... 171 Implications of electric mobility for power systems ............................................................... 183 Government revenue from taxation ...................................................................................... 189 Shared and automated mobility ............................................................................................ 196 IE A . A ll rig ht s re se rv ed . Global EV Outlook 2019 Annexes References ............................................................................................................................ 199 Statistical annex .................................................................................................................................... 209 Electric car stock ................................................................................................................... 210 New electric car sales ............................................................................................................ 212 Market share of electric cars ................................................................................................. 214 Electric light commercial vehicles (LCV) ................................................................................ 216 Electric vehicle supply equipment stock ................................................................................ 218 References ............................................................................................................................ 219 Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure .................................................................................... 221 Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 221 Units of measure ................................................................................................................................... 223 Table of content .................................................................................................................................... 224