Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charge pattern optimization for energy cost and battery longevity

This paper examines the problem of optimizing the charge pattern of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), defined as the timing and rate with which the PHEV obtains electricity from the power grid. The optimization goal is to simultaneously minimize (i) the total cost of fuel and electricity and (ii) the total battery health degradation over a 24-h naturalistic drive cycle. The first objective is calculated for a previously-developed stochastic optimal PHEV power management strategy, whereas the second objective is evaluated through an electrochemistry-based model of anode-side resistive film formation in lithium-ion batteries. The paper shows that these two objectives are conflicting, and trades them off using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. As a result, a Pareto front of optimal charge patterns is obtained. The effects of electricity price and trip schedule on the optimal Pareto points and the PHEV charge patterns are analyzed and discussed.

[1]  J. Apt,et al.  Lithium-ion battery cell degradation resulting from realistic vehicle and vehicle-to-grid utilization , 2010 .

[2]  M. Doyle,et al.  Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell , 1993 .

[3]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Reduction of Model Order Based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Lithium-Ion Battery Simulations , 2009 .

[4]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Trip based optimal power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using gas-kinetic traffic flow model , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[5]  Ganesan Nagasubramanian,et al.  Accelerated calendar and pulse life analysis of lithium-ion cells , 2003 .

[6]  Hosam K. Fathy,et al.  A Stochastic Optimal Control Approach for Power Management in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[7]  Tony Markel,et al.  Dynamic Programming Applied to Investigate Energy Management Strategies for a Plug-in HEV , 2006 .

[8]  Yoon-Ho Kim,et al.  Design of interface circuits with electrical battery models , 1997, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[9]  M. Ichimura,et al.  Synergistic Effect of Charge/Discharge Cycle and Storage in Degradation of Lithium-ion Batteries for Mobile Phones , 2005, INTELEC 05 - Twenty-Seventh International Telecommunications Conference.

[10]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy , 2005 .

[11]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Review of Models for Predicting the Cycling Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries , 2006 .

[12]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II , 2002, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[13]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification , 2004 .

[14]  Mark W. Verbrugge,et al.  Adaptive, multi-parameter battery state estimator with optimized time-weighting factors , 2007 .

[15]  G. Rizzoni,et al.  Energy and economic evaluation of PHEVs and their interaction with renewable energy sources and the power grid , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety.

[16]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Capacity Fade Mechanisms and Side Reactions in Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 1998 .

[17]  M. Doyle,et al.  Simulation and Optimization of the Dual Lithium Ion Insertion Cell , 1994 .

[18]  Uzay Kaymak,et al.  Modeling and Identification , 2002 .

[19]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  Parameter Estimation and Capacity Fade Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using First-Principles-Based Efficient Reformulated Models , 2009 .

[20]  K. B. Wipke,et al.  ADVISOR 2.1: a user-friendly advanced powertrain simulation using a combined backward/forward approach , 1999 .

[21]  Magdi S. Mahmoud,et al.  State and Parameter Estimation , 1984 .

[22]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[23]  Hosam K. Fathy,et al.  Tradeoffs between battery energy capacity and stochastic optimal power management in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2010 .

[24]  Stanton W. Hadley,et al.  Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation , 2009 .

[25]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs Part 1. Background , 2004 .

[26]  Venkat R. Subramanian,et al.  Towards "Real-Time" Simulation of Physics Based Lithium Ion Battery Models , 2007 .

[27]  Jim P. Zheng,et al.  An Electrical Circuit for Modeling the Dynamic Response of Li-Ion Polymer Batteries , 2008 .

[28]  George Gross,et al.  A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation , 2009 .

[29]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Development of First Principles Capacity Fade Model for Li-Ion Cells , 2004 .

[30]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 3. State and parameter estimation , 2004 .