Science does not speak for itself: translating child development research for the public and its policymakers.

Science has an important role to play in advising policymakers on crafting effective responses to social problems that affect the development of children. This article describes lessons learned from a multiyear, working collaboration among neuroscientists, developmental psychologists, pediatricians, economists, and communications researchers who are engaged in the iterative construction of a core story of development, using simplifying models (i.e., metaphors) such as "brain architecture,""toxic stress," and "serve and return" to explain complex scientific concepts to nonscientists. The aim of this article is to stimulate more systematic, empirical approaches to the task of knowledge transfer and to underscore the need to view the translation of science into policy and practice as an important academic endeavor in its own right.

[1]  Donald A. Schön,et al.  Frame Reflection: Toward The Resolution Of Intractable Policy Controversies , 1994 .

[2]  T. Manuel,et al.  Strategic Frame Analysis: Providing the "evidence" for evidence-based communications. , 2010, New directions for youth development.

[3]  J. B. Richmond,et al.  The Timing and Quality of Early Experiences Combine to Shape Brain Architecture , 2008 .

[4]  H B Gonzalez Scientists and Congress , 1984, Science.

[5]  L. Kruger Environmental Values in American Culture , 1997 .

[6]  Kindergarten und Vorschulpädagogik The Myth of the First Three Years , 2012 .

[7]  S. Bales,et al.  Lessons from the story of early child development: domain decisions and framing youth development. , 2010, New directions for youth development.

[8]  Rae Goodell,et al.  The visible scientists , 1975 .

[9]  S. Bales The Framing of Early Child Development and Education: Lessons from Communications Research , 2008 .

[10]  S. Iyengar,et al.  News That Matters: Television and American Opinion , 1987 .

[11]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live by , 1982 .

[12]  D. Besharov Head Start's Broken Promise. On the Issues. , 2005 .

[13]  D. Phillips,et al.  A Science-Based Framework for Early Childhood Policy Using Evidence to Improve Outcomes in Learning , Behavior , and Health for Vulnerable Children , 2007 .

[14]  E. Zigler,et al.  The Mozart effect: Not learning from history , 2002 .

[15]  N. Quinn,et al.  A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning , 1998 .

[16]  B. Fuller,et al.  Standardized Childhood: The Political and Cultural Struggle over Early Education , 2007 .

[17]  M. T. Hoffman The Science of Early Childhood Development???Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do , 2008 .

[18]  E. Knudsen Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain and Behavior , 2004, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[19]  N. Quinn,et al.  Finding culture in talk : a collection of methods , 2005 .

[20]  S. Bales,et al.  Framing youth issues for public support. , 2006, New directions for youth development.

[21]  Franklin D. Gilliam,et al.  Strategic Frame Analysis: Reframing America's Youth , 2001 .

[22]  J. Gregory,et al.  Science in Public: Communication, Culture and Credibility , 2000 .

[23]  Nathaniel Kendall-Taylor,et al.  Child Mental Health: A Review of the Scientific Discourse , 2009 .

[24]  J. Lubchenco Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science , 1998 .

[25]  Investing in Early Childhood Development: Evidence to Support a Movement for Educational Change , 2009 .

[26]  D. Phillips,et al.  From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development , 2000 .

[27]  J. Shonkoff Science, policy, and practice: three cultures in search of a shared mission. , 2000, Child development.

[28]  S. Iyengar Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. , 1991 .

[29]  R. Entman Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power , 2007 .

[30]  Dorothy Holland,et al.  Cultural models in language and thought: Reasoning and problem solving from presupposed worlds , 1987 .

[31]  J. Bennett Benchmarks for Early Childhood Services in OECD Countries , 2008 .

[32]  R. D'Andrade The Development of Cognitive Anthropology , 1995 .

[33]  S. Bales The trouble with issues: the case for intentional framing. , 2010, New directions for youth development.

[34]  H. Bee The developing child , 1975 .

[35]  P. Todd,et al.  Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart , 1999 .

[36]  George Lakoff,et al.  Moral politics : what conservatives know that liberals don't , 1998 .

[37]  B. McEwen,et al.  Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. , 2009, JAMA.

[38]  A. Huston From research to policy and back. , 2008, Child development.