The Structure and Moisture Stability of the Matrix Phase in Glass-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Abstract The utilization of reinforced plastic composites is generally limited by their sensitivity to long-term environmental exposure. Glass-reinforced thermosetting polymers in particular are detrimentally affected, reversibly and/or irreversibly, by exposure to water vapor or liquid water. A reinforced composite consists of three mutually interacting regions: fiber, matrix, and the fiber/ matrix interface. Each region may, for purposes of convenience, be further subdivided according to its location or properties. Most common is the listing of regions comprising the “interface”: glass/ coupling agent interface, the coupling agent polymer itself, and the coupling agent/matrix interface. Even the amorphous cross-linked matrix nearby the filler is believed to possess properties dissimilar to those of the bulk. Each region and subregion is altered by moisture exposure to some extent; at this time studies on composite stability still focus on determining which regions are most affected by the environment an...

[1]  J. Koenig,et al.  Chemical reactions occurring at the interface of epoxy matrix and aminosilane coupling agents in fiber-reinforced composites , 1980 .

[2]  J. Koenig,et al.  Effect of hydrolysis and drying on the siloxane bonds of a silane coupling agent deposited on E‐glass fibers , 1980 .

[3]  J. Koenig,et al.  Molecular organization of the coupling agent interphase of fiber‐glass reinforced plastics , 1979 .

[4]  Jack L. Koenig,et al.  An investigation of the coupling agent/matrix interface of fiberglass reinforced plastics by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , 1979 .

[5]  J. D. Memory,et al.  NMR study of water absorbed by epoxy resin , 1979 .

[6]  M. E. Ryan,et al.  Kinetics of epoxy cure: a rapid technique for kinetic parameter estimation , 1979 .

[7]  S. Gazit.  Dimensional changes in glass‐filled epoxy resin as a result of absorption of atmospheric moisture , 1978 .

[8]  J. Lustoň,et al.  Character of Active Centers in the Copolymerization of Epoxides with Cyclic Anhydrides , 1978 .

[9]  Z. Maňásek,et al.  Copolymerization of 2-Hydroxy.(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzophenone with Phthalanhydride Catalyzed by Tertiary Amine , 1978 .

[10]  H. Miles,et al.  Infrared spectroscopy of polynucleotides in the carbonyl region in H2O solution: A.U systems. , 1978, Biochemistry.

[11]  J. E. Halkias,et al.  Swelling and glass transition relations for epoxy matrix material in humid environments , 1978 .

[12]  J. Koenig,et al.  The reinforcement mechanism of fiber‐glass reinforced plastics under wet conditions: A review , 1978 .

[13]  J. Kardos,et al.  Sorption and diffusion of water in glass ribbon‐reinforced composites , 1977 .

[14]  W. Bascom,et al.  Kinetics of epoxy resin polymerization using differential scanning calorimetry , 1977 .

[15]  J. Whiteside,et al.  Effects of environment on advanced composites structures , 1977 .

[16]  S. A. Sojka,et al.  The curing of an epoxy resin as followed by carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy , 1976 .

[17]  Jack R. Vinson,et al.  On the Hygrothermal Response of Laminated Composite Systems † , 1976 .

[18]  G. Springer,et al.  Moisture Absorption and Desorption of Composite Materials , 1976 .

[19]  O. Ishai,et al.  The Effect of Environmental-Loading History on the Transverse Strength of GRP Laminate , 1975 .

[20]  O. Ishai.  ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON DEFORMATION, STRENGTH, AND DEGRADATION OF UNIDIRECTIONAL GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS. I. SURVEY , 1975 .

[21]  O. Ishai.  Environmental effects on deformation, strength, and degradation of unidirectional glass-fiber reinforced plastics. II. Experimental study , 1975 .

[22]  J. E. Halkias,et al.  Moisture in Composites: The Effect of Supersonic Service on Diffusion , 1975 .

[23]  R. Wilcox,et al.  Stability of Glass Fiber-Plastic Composites , 1974 .

[24]  E. Plueddemann.  Catalytic Effects in Bonding Thermosetting Resins to Silane-Treated Fillers , 1974 .

[25]  M. J. Michno,et al.  The Effects of Thick Interfaces on the Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Composites , 1974 .

[26]  R. Yamauchi,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of epoxy resins. II. Antiplasticization in highly crosslinked epoxy system , 1973 .

[27]  J. K. Gillham,et al.  Epoxy Thermosetting Systems: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of the Reactions of Aromatic Diamines with the Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A. , 1973 .

[28]  A. Blaga,et al.  Mechanism of breakdown in the interface region of glass reinforced polyester by artificial weathering , 1973 .

[29]  D. J. Vaughan,et al.  The effects of adverse environmental conditions on the resin-glass interface of epoxy composites , 1973 .

[30]  E. Sacher,et al.  Kinetics of epoxy cure: 2. The system bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether/polyamide , 1972 .

[31]  J. E. Cowling,et al.  Fatigue Behavior of Glass-Filament-Wound Epoxy Composites in Water. , 1972 .

[32]  C. Baddiel,et al.  The mechanism of water sorption in poly-l-alanine , 1972 .

[33]  K. Murakami,et al.  Chemorheological study of vulcanized rubbers under mechanical stress , 1971 .

[34]  Tony B. Husbands,et al.  EFFECTS OF WATER ON EPOXY-RESIN SYSTEMS , 1971 .

[35]  J. Koenig,et al.  Raman studies of the glass fiber-silane-resin interface , 1971 .

[36]  E. C. Leisegang,et al.  The thermal degradation in vacuo of an amine-cured epoxide resin , 1970 .

[37]  W. Bascom.  Water at the Interface , 1970 .

[38]  M. Schrader.  Radioisotopic Studies of Bonding at the Interface , 1970 .

[39]  L. Broutman.  Mechanical Requirements of the Fiber-Matrix Interface , 1970 .

[40]  J. E. Quick,et al.  Fluorine-Containing Epoxy Components and Plastics , 1970 .

[41]  Kazuyuki Horie,et al.  Calorimetric investigation of polymerization reactions. III. Curing reaction of epoxides with amines , 1970 .

[42]  Lawrence E. Nielsen,et al.  Dynamic mechanical properties of particulate‐filled composites , 1970 .

[43]  C. Simionescu,et al.  On the mechano-chemical destruction of polyethylene terephthalate by vibratory milling , 1970 .

[44]  R. C. Wyatt,et al.  Water damage in glass fibre/resin composites , 1969, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[45]  R. C. Wyatt,et al.  Debonding in carbon fibre/polyester resin composites exposed to water: Comparison with ‘E’ glass fibre composites , 1969 .

[46]  W. Zisman.  SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF PLASTICS REINFORCED BY STRONG FIBERS , 1969 .

[47]  R. Eddy,et al.  The Synthesis and Characterization of Some Potential Ablative Polymers , 1969 .

[48]  R. Regester.  Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Materials in Chemical Service , 1969 .

[49]  M. Barsh,et al.  The Kinetics of Epoxy Polymerization , 1969 .

[50]  S. Tazuke,et al.  Effects of metal salts on polymerization. Part VII. Radical polymerization and spectra of vinylpyridine in the presence of cobaltous chloride , 1969 .

[51]  A. Becker,et al.  Thermal degradation of nadic methyl anhydride‐crosslinked novolac epoxy resin , 1968 .

[52]  E. J. Kohn,et al.  Quantitative Measurement of Void Content in Glass-Filament-Wound Composites and Correlation of Interlaminar Shear Strength with Void Content , 1968 .

[53]  W. Bascom,et al.  Microvoids in Glass-Resin Composites. Their Origin and Effect on Composite Strength , 1968 .

[54]  C. J. Busso,et al.  New and Improved Laminating Resins for Fiber Reinforced Composites. , 1968 .

[55]  A. S. Kenyon.  Role of the interface in glass-epoxy composites , 1968 .

[56]  E. Goddard.  Molecular Association in Biological and Related Systems , 1968 .

[57]  W. J. Orville-Thomas,et al.  Hydrogen-bond studies: Part I. The relation between vibrational frequencies and bond length in O-H β O hydrogen-bonded systems , 1968 .

[58]  R. L. Patrick,et al.  Some Fundamental Properties of the Interface of Glass—Epoxy Composites , 1967 .

[59]  F. Frank,et al.  Water damage in polyester resins , 1967, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[60]  I. Galperin.  Dynamic mechanical properties of a TiO2‐filled crosslinked epoxy resin from 20–90°C. , 1967 .

[61]  L. Nielsen.  Models for the Permeability of Filled Polymer Systems , 1967 .

[62]  D. A. Smith,et al.  Further aspects of the thermal degradation of epoxide resins , 1967 .

[63]  George S. Springer,et al.  Thermal Conductivities of Unidirectional Materials , 1967 .

[64]  E. H. Andrews,et al.  Hydrogen evolution from natural rubber during tensile tests , 1967 .

[65]  G. Fleming.  Mechanisms for initiating thermal degradation of certain anhydride‐cured epoxides , 1966 .

[66]  P. Castaldi,et al.  The bleeding disorder of uraemia. A qualitative platelet defect. , 1966, Lancet.

[67]  G. Schmitz,et al.  Stress Corrosion of E-Glass Fibers , 1966 .

[68]  T. Kwei.  Polymer–filler interaction. Thermodynamic calculations and a proposed model , 1965 .

[69]  D. A. Smith,et al.  Some aspects of the degradation of epoxide resins , 1965 .

[70]  T. Fedorova,et al.  Effect of Thio-Derivatives of Amines and Phenols on the Behavior toward Thermomechanical Treatment and on Fatigue of Vulcanizates , 1965 .

[71]  H. Kakiuchi,et al.  Study of epoxy compounds. Part VI. Curing reactions of epoxy resin and acid anhydride with amine, acid, alcohol, and phenol as catalysts , 1964 .

[72]  T. Kwei,et al.  Polymer–filler interaction: Vapor sorption studies , 1964 .

[73]  S. Ogawa,et al.  EFFECT OF ADDITION OF CATIONS ON THE SIMULTANEOUS GRAFTING OF STYRENE TO RAYON BY GAMMA-IRRADIATION , 1963 .

[74]  H. Kakiuchi,et al.  Study of epoxy compounds. Part I. Curing reactions of epoxy resin and acid anhydride with amine and alcohol as catalyst , 1963 .

[75]  S. Sterman,et al.  A new interpretation of the glass-coupling agent surface through use of electron microscopy , 1961 .

[76]  F. N. Kelley,et al.  Viscosity and glass temperature relations for polymer‐diluent systems , 1961 .

[77]  C. Klute.  Diffusion of small molecules in semicrystalline polymers: Water in polyethylene , 1959 .

[78]  R. J. Charles,et al.  Static Fatigue of Glass. II , 1958 .

[79]  H. Grohn.  Über den mechanochemischen abbau von zellstoff durch schwingmahlung , 1958 .

[80]  H. Grohn,et al.  Die mechano-chemische depolymerisation von kartoffelstärke durch schwingmahlung , 1958 .

[81]  R. Landel.  The Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a Model Filled System: Polyisobutylene‐Glass Beads , 1958 .

[82]  J. Crank,et al.  A theoretical investigation of the influence of molecular relaxation and internal stress on diffusion in polymers , 1953 .

[83]  A. Tobolsky,et al.  An Investigation of the Relationship Between Polymer Structure and Mechanical Properties , 1948 .

[84]  J. Unnam,et al.  Prediction of moisture and temperature changes in composites during atmospheric exposure , 1979 .

[85]  M. Watanabe.  Prediction of Leakage Life and Deterioration in Water for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Vessels , 1979 .

[86]  C. Shirrell.  Diffusion of Water Vapor in Graphite/Epoxy Composites , 1978 .

[87]  R Delasi,et al.  Effect of Moisture on Epoxy Resins and Composites , 1978 .

[88]  C. Browning,et al.  The mechanisms of elevated temperature property losses in high performance structural epoxy resin matrix materials after exposures to high humidity environments , 1978 .

[89]  J. Whitney,et al.  Moisture Effects in Epoxy Matrix Composites , 1977 .

[90]  Jg Davis,et al.  Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fourth Conference) , 1977 .

[91]  J. Halpin,et al.  Moisture Absorption and Desorption in Epoxy Composite Laminates , 1977 .

[92]  D. Roylance,et al.  Influence of Outdoor Weathering on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Glass/Epoxy Laminate , 1976 .

[93]  P. Dynes,et al.  Hydrothermal Aging of Composite Materials Part 2: Matrix Aspects , 1976 .

[94]  J. E. Halkias,et al.  Moisture Diffusion in Fiber Reinforced Plastics , 1976 .

[95]  K. Devries,et al.  Molecular correlations with fracture in fibers and granular-filled composites , 1975 .

[96]  J. Kardos,et al.  Diffusion and Permeation of Gases in Glass Ribbon-Reinforced Plastics , 1975 .

[97]  P. Dynes,et al.  Kinetics of Environmental Degradation in Graphite-Epoxy Laminates , 1975 .

[98]  C. Chamis,et al.  Measurement of residual strains in boron-epoxy and glass-epoxy laminates , 1975 .

[99]  E. Wu,et al.  Stress Rupture of Glass-Epoxy Composites: Environmental and Stress Effects , 1975 .

[100]  I. I. Nikitina,et al.  The mechanical and chemical conversions of some steric polyesters , 1974 .

[101]  C. Browning,et al.  Effects of Moisture on the Properties of High-Performance Structural Resins and Composites , 1974 .

[102]  W. Bascom,et al.  Kinetics of an Anhydride-Epoxy Polymerization as Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry , 1974 .

[103]  V. I. Aleksandrov,et al.  Effect of moisture on the kinetics of mechano-degradation of synthetic polymers , 1973 .

[104]  K. Ashbee,et al.  Weathering of fibre reinforced plastics. Progress of dbonding detected in model systems by using fibres as light pipes , 1972 .

[105]  Stephen W. Tsai,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS , 1970 .

[106]  R. Conley.  Thermal stability of polymers , 1970 .

[107]  R. H. Norman,et al.  15 – Resin-Glass Interface , 1970 .

[108]  E. Cuddihy,et al.  Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxies' beta- transition mechanism , 1970 .

[109]  I. Petker,et al.  FABRICATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION EFFECTS OF FILAMENT-WOUND COMPOSITES , 1970 .

[110]  N. Fried,et al.  DEGRADATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: THE EFFECT OF WATER ON GLASS-REINFORCED PLASTICS† , 1970 .

[111]  Y. Zherdev,et al.  Internal stresses and water diffusion in polymers , 1970 .

[112]  C. Chamis.  Lamination residual stresses in cross-plied fiber composites , 1970 .

[113]  H. S. Schwartz,et al.  Fundamental Aspects of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites. , 1968 .

[114]  W. K. Thompson,et al.  Carbonyl infra-red absorption of ethyl acetate in ethanol+water mixtures, and in anionic surfactant solutions , 1967 .

[115]  H. Kakiuchi,et al.  Oligomerization of Substituted Phenyl Glycidyl Ethers with Tertiary Amine , 1967 .

[116]  R. Puffr,et al.  On the Structure and Properties of Polyamides. XXVII. The Mechanism of Water Sorption in Polyamides , 1967 .

[117]  W. F. Watson,et al.  Mechanochemistry of Polymers , 1964 .

[118]  C. A. Kumins,et al.  Effect of solid polymer interaction on transition temperature and diffusion coefficients , 1963 .

[119]  Roger Hayward,et al.  The Hydrogen Bond , 1960 .