The Potential of Tinospora cordifolia Extracts as Antibacterial Material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mitigation and control of bacterial corrosion must have been prioritized for failure anticipation by corrosion associated with microorganisms. Using synthetic inhibitor for material protection from corrosion have problems because it is not eco-friendly. This work conducted preliminary studies on T. cordifolia stem extracts at various methanol ratios against P. aeruginosa biofilm as a new eco-friendly inhibitor. The T. cordifolia stem was extracted by the maceration method with a different ratio of methanol solvent (100, 75 and 50 %). The bacterial activity was assessed using the dilution method (MTT assay) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using Follin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric, respectively. Meanwhile, the structure of the active compounds in the extract was identified by using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The yields of T. cordifolia extracts are 9.45, 7.56 and 8.40 % at 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol ratios, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) in crude methanol extract of T. cordifolia is 11.20, 9.46 and 6.56 % for 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol ratios. Meanwhile, the flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained is about 5.25, 0.64 and 0.33 % for 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol concentrations, respectively. The T. cordifolia extract has antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in all ratios of methanol concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of T. cordifolia methanol extract was found at 4096 µg/mL. Methanol solvent concentration with the most active antibacterial activity of the extract was 50 %, followed by 75 and 100 %. The structures of the active compound in the methanolic extract of T. cordifolia are a phenolic group, and it is in the alkaloid derivatives (Calopiptin, d-Lirioferine (Lirioferine), Moupinamide, Piperanine, and Yuanhunine). HIGHLIGHTS The crude methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem has potential against aeruginosa in the marine environment The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found at 4096 µg/mL of extract in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v) of methanol to water The compound structures in cordifolia methanol extracts are Calopiptin, d-Lirioferine (Lirioferine), Moupinamide, Piperanine, and Yuanhunine GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT 

[1]  Prospect of plant extracts as eco-friendly biocides for microbiologically influenced corrosion: A review , 2022, International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition.

[2]  A. Manaf,et al.  The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Aloe vera and Morinda citrifolia extracts as antibacterial material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 2022, Materials Today: Proceedings.

[3]  A. Akinmoladun,et al.  Effect of extraction technique, solvent polarity, and plant matrix on the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple) , 2022, Bulletin of the National Research Centre.

[4]  Nattapong Wongchum,et al.  Extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson extends life span and decreases stress-induced mortality in Drosophila melanogaster , 2022, Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia.

[5]  R. Sharma,et al.  Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical attributes of Indian Tinospora species: A comprehensive review , 2021 .

[6]  K. Arunachalam,et al.  Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases. , 2021, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[7]  Tangqing Wu,et al.  Accelerating role of microbial film on soil corrosion of pipeline steel , 2021 .

[8]  M. Saharkhiz,et al.  Phytotoxic potential of Vitex pseudo-negundo leaf and flower extracts and analysis of phenolic compounds , 2021, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.

[9]  R. S. Mouokeu,et al.  Parts, Period, and Extraction Solvents as Parameters Influencing Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae) Antibacterial Activity , 2021, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

[10]  Liang Cheng,et al.  Glycyrrhiza glabra extract as an eco-friendly inhibitor for microbiologically influenced corrosion of API 5LX carbon steel in oil well produced water environments , 2021, Journal of Molecular Liquids.

[11]  Santosh Kumar Upadhyay,et al.  Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Stem and Leaf Extracts of Himalayan Tinospora cordifolia Hook.f. & Thomson , 2021 .

[12]  Milos B. Djukic,et al.  Long-term external microbiologically influenced corrosion of buried cast iron pipes in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) , 2020 .

[13]  H. Harwoko,et al.  Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L. Mier) Stem , 2020 .

[14]  Ming-Hua Yang,et al.  Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods , 2020, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis.

[15]  T. Gu,et al.  Microbiologically influenced corrosion of Cu by nitrate reducing marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 2020, Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

[16]  Sundjono,et al.  Corrosion rate of low carbon steel in simulated feed water for heat exchanger in ammonia plant , 2020 .

[17]  N. Awang,et al.  Evaluation of The Antimicrobial Activities of Crude Extracts of Tinospora crispa Stem , 2020 .

[18]  A. Singh,et al.  Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry , 2020, Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry.

[19]  H. Nawaz,et al.  Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds , 2020 .

[20]  S. Diggle,et al.  Microbe Profile: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: opportunistic pathogen and lab rat , 2019, Microbiology.

[21]  I. Ullah,et al.  Solvent polarity mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria , 2019, PeerJ.

[22]  Bharat P. Dwivedee,et al.  The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia , 2019, Heliyon.

[23]  Fu-hui Wang,et al.  Catechin hydrate as an eco-friendly biocorrosion inhibitor for 304L stainless steel with dual-action antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm , 2019, Corrosion Science.

[24]  T. Haile,et al.  Mechanistic microbiologically influenced corrosion modeling—A review , 2019, Corrosion Science.

[25]  Ke Yang,et al.  Microbiologically influenced corrosion of titanium caused by aerobic marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 2019, Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

[26]  T. Taechowisan Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Major Compounds from Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Growing on Mangifera indica L. , 2015, International Journal of Nutrition.

[27]  E. Ebenso,et al.  An overview on plant extracts as environmental sustainable and green corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys in aggressive corrosive media , 2018, Journal of Molecular Liquids.

[28]  Ke Yang,et al.  Mitigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion of 304L stainless steel in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Cistus ladanifer leaves extract , 2018, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation.

[29]  O. Karthikeyan,et al.  Allium sativum (garlic extract) as a green corrosion inhibitor with biocidal properties for the control of MIC in carbon steel and stainless steel in oilfield environments , 2018, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation.

[30]  N. Elboughdiri Effect of Time, Solvent-Solid Ratio, Ethanol Concentration and Temperature on Extraction Yield of Phenolic Compounds From Olive Leaves , 2018 .

[31]  M. Aliofkhazraei Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications , 2018 .

[32]  O. S. Shehata,et al.  Green Corrosion Inhibitors, Past, Present, and Future , 2018 .

[33]  B. Brycki,et al.  Organic Corrosion Inhibitors , 2018 .

[34]  Y. Rukayadi,et al.  Effects of extraction conditions on yield, total phenolic contents and antibacterial activity of methanolic Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume leaves extract , 2017 .

[35]  M. Hussin,et al.  The effect of Tinospora crispa extracts as a natural mild steel corrosion inhibitor in 1 M HCl solution , 2016 .

[36]  R. Manivannan,et al.  Azadirachta indica leaves extract as inhibitor for microbial corrosion of copper by Arthrobacter sulfureus in neutral pH conditions—A remedy to blue green water problem , 2016 .

[37]  S. Satheesh,et al.  Natural antifouling compound production by microbes associated with marine macroorganisms: A review , 2016 .

[38]  W. Ahmad,et al.  Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects , 2016, Front. Pharmacol..

[39]  P. Duez,et al.  The Formation of Biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review of the Natural and Synthetic Compounds Interfering with Control Mechanisms , 2015, BioMed research international.

[40]  D. Ramjugernath,et al.  The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay is a rapid, cheap, screening test for the in vitro anti-tuberculous activity of chalcones. , 2014, Journal of microbiological methods.

[41]  P. Marin,et al.  ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SALVIA AMPLEXICAULIS LAM. EXTRACTS , 2014 .

[42]  F. Anwar,et al.  Effect of solvents extraction on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of extracts from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). , 2012, Acta scientiarum polonorum. Technologia alimentaria.

[43]  K. Srinivasan,et al.  Antimicrobial Activity of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia , 2011 .

[44]  E. Osarolube Corrosion behaviour of mild and high carbon steels in various acidic media , 2008 .

[45]  R. Lamuela-Raventós,et al.  Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent , 1999 .