Testing a cumulative and aggregate exposure model using biomonitoring studies and dietary records for Italian vineyard spray operators.

The need for improved tools to estimate the cumulative and aggregate exposure to compounds such as plant protection products (PPPs) is recognised in the EU Regulation 1107/2009. A new model has been developed to estimate the exposure within a population to single compounds or compounds within a Cumulative Action Group, considering dietary and non-dietary sources and multiple exposure routes. To test the model a field study was carried out in Italy with operators applying tebuconazole fungicides, with measurements of dermal exposure collected. Whole urine samples were collected and analysed to provide values for the absorbed dose of tebuconazole, with duplicate diet samples collected and analysed as a measure of dietary exposures. The model provided predicted values of exposure for combined dietary and non-dietary routes of exposures which were compared to the measured absorbed dose values based on urinary analysis. The model outputs provided mean daily exposure values of 1.77 (± 1.96) µg a.s./kg BW which are comparable to measured mean values from the biomonitoring field study of 1.73 (± 1.31) µg a.s./kg BW. To supplement the limited measurement data available, comparisons against other models were also made and found to be comparable.

[1]  S. Sand,et al.  Cumulative dietary exposure to a selected group of pesticides of the triazole group in different European countries according to the EFSA guidance on probabilistic modelling. , 2015, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[2]  L. Sheldon,et al.  Dietary exposure from pesticide application on farms in the Agricultural Health Pilot Study. , 1997, Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology.

[3]  Jean-Charles Leblanc,et al.  Total diet study on pesticide residues in France: levels in food as consumed and chronic dietary risk to consumers. , 2012, Environment international.

[4]  J. Angerer,et al.  Metabolites of organophosphorous insecticides in urine specimens from inhabitants of a residential area. , 2001, Environmental research.

[5]  Joop J. van Hemmen,et al.  EUROPOEM : a predictive occupational exposure database for registration purposes of pesticides , 2001 .

[6]  Á. Ambrus,et al.  Measurement uncertainty associated with sample processing of oranges and tomatoes for pesticide residue analysis. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[7]  J. Xue,et al.  Dietary intakes of pesticides based on community duplicate diet samples. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[8]  Bryan L. Williams,et al.  Urinary Concentrations of Dialkylphosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 , 2011, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[9]  J. Leblanc,et al.  Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study , 2008, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[10]  G. Charnley,et al.  Di-alkyl phosphate biomonitoring data: assessing cumulative exposure to organophosphate pesticides. , 2003, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[11]  Hilko van der Voet,et al.  The MCRA model for probabilistic single-compound and cumulative risk assessment of pesticides. , 2015, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[12]  M. Kamijima,et al.  Urinary concentrations of organophosphorus insecticide metabolites in Japanese workers. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[13]  José Oliva,et al.  Analysis of pesticide residues using the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) pesticide multiresidue method in combination with gas and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometric detection , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[14]  Nicolle S. Tulve,et al.  Review of Pesticide Urinary Biomarker Measurements from Selected US EPA Children’s Observational Exposure Studies , 2011, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[15]  Hilko van der Voet,et al.  New approaches to uncertainty analysis for use in aggregate and cumulative risk assessment of pesticides. , 2015, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[16]  S. Fustinoni,et al.  Biological monitoring of exposure to tebuconazole in winegrowers , 2014, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

[17]  Bert Beck,et al.  CAPEX: collection and assessment of data relevant for non-dietary cumulative exposure to pesticides and proposal for conceptual approaches for non-dietary cumulative exposure assessment , 2012 .

[18]  G. Akland,et al.  Use of Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Design Studies for Pathway-Specific Exposure Model Evaluation , 2004, Environmental health perspectives.

[19]  Hilko van der Voet,et al.  A European model and case studies for aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides. , 2015, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[20]  L Stockley,et al.  Changes in habitual food intake during weighed inventory surveys and duplication diet collections. A short review , 1985 .

[21]  S. Fustinoni,et al.  Identification and quantification of metabolites of the fungicide tebuconazole in human urine. , 2014, Chemical research in toxicology.

[22]  R. Macholz,et al.  GEMS: Global Environmental Monitoring System. Guidelines for the Study of Dietary Intakes of Chemical Contaminants. 102 Seiten, zahlr. Tab. WHO Offset Publication No. 87. World Health Organization, Genf 1985. Preis: 11.– Sfr , 1986 .

[23]  C. Leclercq,et al.  The Italian National Food Consumption Survey INRAN-SCAI 2005–06: main results in terms of food consumption , 2009, Public Health Nutrition.

[24]  A. Bradman.  Pesticides and their metabolites in the homes and urine of farmworker children living in the Salinas Valley, CA , 2009, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

[25]  J. Raymer,et al.  Community duplicate diet methodology: a new tool for estimating dietary exposures to pesticides. , 2012, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.