Feedback Control in Life and Society

The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the role of feedback, negative and positive, in biological and societal systems and applications (technological, behavioral). Feedback, the third fundamental element of life and society, is a process which is based on energy, and exploits the information existing or generated in each particular case. The mathematical analysis of feedback is more easy to be made successfully for well-defined simple or complex man-made systems, and more difficult or incomplete for living and society systems. For the convenience of the reader the material of this chapter is presented via a number of selected biological, societal, and technological examples. These examples demonstrate that both negative and positive feedback is present and efficiently used by living organisms and human societies. Negative feedback offers the means for achieving stability and the goals of each case. Positive feedback is used whenever a purposeful oscillatory behavior is the desired goal. Negative feedback biological examples considered in this chapter are: temperature regulation, water regulation, sugar regulation, and hydrogen ion (pH) regulation. Positive biological feedback is illustrated by autocatalysis and auto-reproduction chemical reactions. Mathematical models and controllers in biological systems are provided for enzyme operation, biological rhythmic movement, insulin–glucose balancing, and cardiovascular-respiratory system. On the societal side, this chapter discusses four technological (hard) systems (process control, manufacturing systems control, air-flight control, and robotic systems control), and two types of soft systems, namely management control and economic system control. In hard systems, the control means include prime movers and end effectors, whereas in soft systems, the means of control are regulation laws and rules posed by rulers, managers, and government.

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