Single Molecule Detection Using Near Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Detecting single molecules and simultaneously identifying their chemical structures represents the ultimate limit in chemical analysis, and is of great practical interest in many fields. For instance, further progress in human DNA sequence studies will mainly depend on developing methods for selective and rapid detection of the four single DNA bases [1]. Monitoring molecules and molecular interactions at the single molecule level in cells or biological membranes and identifying single DNA fragments would be of great interest in the fields of biology, medicine, and pharmacology. Up to now, optical trace detection with single-molecule sensitivity has been mainly based on laser-induced fluorescence [2, 3, 4, 5]. Effective fluorescence cross sections can reach about 10-16 cm2 per molecule for high-quantum yield fluorophores. The fluorescence method provides ultrahigh sensitivity but, particularly at room temperature, the amount of molecular information which can be obtained is limited.

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