The search for the ideal biocatalyst

While the use of enzymes as biocatalysts to assist in the industrial manufacture of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals has enormous potential, application is frequently limited by evolution-led catalyst traits. The advent of designer biocatalysts, produced by informed selection and mutation through recombinant DNA technology, enables production of process-compatible enzymes. However, to fully realize the potential of designer enzymes in industrial applications, it will be necessary to tailor catalyst properties so that they are optimal not only for a given reaction but also in the context of the industrial process in which the enzyme is applied.

[1]  G. Böhm,et al.  The stability of proteins in extreme environments. , 1998, Current opinion in structural biology.

[2]  David L. Kirchman,et al.  Chitinases from Uncultured Marine Microorganisms , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[3]  Stephen L. Mayo,et al.  Design, structure and stability of a hyperthermophilic protein variant , 1998, Nature Structural Biology.

[4]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Process Engineering of Two-Liquid Phase Biocatalysis , 1992 .

[5]  U. Bornscheuer,et al.  Directed evolution of an esterase for the stereoselective resolution of a key intermediate in the synthesis of epothilones. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[6]  K. Merz,et al.  The Concept of Solvent Compatibility and Its Impact on Protein Stability and Activity Enhancement in Nonaqueous Solvents , 1997 .

[7]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Biotransformation reactor selection and operation , 1994 .

[8]  H. Ertan,et al.  Stabilization of Escherichia coli penicillin G acylase against thermal inactivation by cross-linking with dextran dialdehyde polymers , 1997, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[9]  Jonathan S. Dordick,et al.  Industrial Biocatalysis Today and Tomorrow , 2001 .

[10]  Ashok Mulchandani,et al.  Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[11]  J M Blackburn,et al.  Directed evolution of new catalytic activity using the alpha/beta-barrel scaffold. , 2000, Nature.

[12]  J. Dordick,et al.  Biocatalytic plastics as active and stable materials for biotransformations , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[13]  J. Sutherland,et al.  Evolutionary optimisation of enzymes. , 2000, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[14]  J. Handelsman,et al.  Cloning the Soil Metagenome: a Strategy for Accessing the Genetic and Functional Diversity of Uncultured Microorganisms , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[15]  B. Lee,et al.  Stabilization of protein structures. , 1997, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[16]  C. Slade,et al.  Induction of catalytic activity in proteins by lyophilization in the presence of a transition state analogue. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[17]  P. Adlercreutz On the Importance of the Support Material for Enzymatic Synthesis in Organic Media. Support Effects at Controlled Water Activity , 1992 .

[18]  Evolutionary Optimization of Enzymes and Metabolic Systems , 1997 .

[19]  J. Chaudhuri,et al.  Biocatalysis in organic media using enzymes from extremophiles , 1999 .

[20]  D. Cowan,et al.  A correlation between protein thermostability and resistance to proteolysis. , 1982, The Biochemical journal.

[21]  S. Flitsch,et al.  BIOHYDROXYLATION REACTIONS CATALYZED BY ENZYMES AND WHOLE-CELL SYSTEMS , 1999 .

[22]  W. Stemmer,et al.  Directed evolution of a fucosidase from a galactosidase by DNA shuffling and screening. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  F. Arnold,et al.  Directed evolution of a thermostable esterase. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  P. Halling,et al.  Practical route to high activity enzyme preparations for synthesis in organic media , 1998 .

[25]  Frances H. Arnold,et al.  Directed evolution of a para-nitrobenzyl esterase for aqueous-organic solvents , 1996, Nature Biotechnology.

[26]  D. Cowan,et al.  Biomolecular stability and life at high temperatures , 2000, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[27]  D. Cowan,et al.  Correlation between microbial protein thermostability and resistance to denaturation in aqueous-organic solvent 2-phase systems , 1989 .

[28]  C. Lowe,et al.  Surfactant modified enzymes: Solubility and activity of surfactant-modified catalase in organic solvents , 1997 .

[29]  C. Studdert,et al.  Extracellular protease of Natrialba magadii: purification and biochemical characterization , 2000, Extremophiles.

[30]  Christian Wandrey,et al.  Industrial Biocatalysis: Past, Present, and Future , 2000 .

[31]  P. Halling Biocatalysis in low-water media: understanding effects of reaction conditions. , 2000, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[32]  F. Schinner,et al.  Characterization of a metalloprotease from psychrophilic Xanthomonas maltophilia , 1991 .

[33]  J. Shanklin Exploring the possibilities presented by protein engineering. , 2000, Current opinion in plant biology.

[34]  A. Bull,et al.  Biodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnology. , 1992, Annual review of microbiology.

[35]  Opportunities at the interface of chemistry and biology. , 1999, Trends in cell biology.

[36]  Manfred T. Reetz,et al.  Creation of Enantioselective Biocatalysts for Organic Chemistry by In Vitro Evolution , 1997 .

[37]  Alan R. Fersht,et al.  Directed evolution of new catalytic activity using the α/β-barrel scaffold , 2000, Nature.

[38]  A. Klibanov,et al.  The crystal structure of subtilisin Carlsberg in anhydrous dioxane and its comparison with those in water and acetonitrile. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  F. Arnold,et al.  Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  P. Schreier,et al.  Cross-linked enzyme crystals. , 1999, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[41]  F. Arnold,et al.  Directed evolution converts subtilisin E into a functional equivalent of thermitase. , 1999, Protein engineering.

[42]  N. Glansdorff,et al.  The crystal structure of Pyrococcus furiosus ornithine carbamoyltransferase reveals a key role for oligomerization in enzyme stability at extremely high temperatures. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  D. Cowan,et al.  Purification and some properties of an extracellular protease (caldolysin) from an extreme thermophile. , 1982, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[44]  L. Setti,et al.  Whole cell biocatalysis for an oil desulfurization process , 1997 .

[45]  Y. Okahata,et al.  A variety of lipid-coated glycoside hydrolases as effective glycosyl transfer catalysts in homogeneous organic solvents , 1997 .

[46]  R. Fernández-Lafuente,et al.  Hyperstabilization of a thermophilic esterase by multipoint covalent attachment , 1995 .

[47]  R. M. Blanco,et al.  Stabilization of enzymes by multipoint covalent attachment to agarose-aldehyde gels. Borohydride reduction of trypsin-agarose derivatives , 1989 .

[48]  R. Kazlauskas,et al.  Molecular modeling and biocatalysis: explanations, predictions, limitations, and opportunities. , 2000, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[49]  P. Wangikar,et al.  Structure and Function of Subtilisin BPN‘ Solubilized in Organic Solvents , 1997 .

[50]  D. Cowan Microbial genomes--the untapped resource. , 2000, Trends in biotechnology.

[51]  W. Stemmer,et al.  Searching Sequence Space , 1995, Bio/Technology.

[52]  D. Clark,et al.  Salts dramatically enhance activity of enzymes suspended in organic solvents , 1994 .

[53]  J. Dordick,et al.  Controlling subtilisin activity and selectivity in organic media by imprinting with nucleophilic substrates , 1997 .

[54]  F. Arnold,et al.  Designed evolution of enzymatic properties. , 2000, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[55]  Frances H. Arnold,et al.  Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of l-methionine , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[56]  H. Suenaga,et al.  Enhanced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by directed evolution of biphenyl dioxygenase , 1998, Nature Biotechnology.

[57]  K. Schleifer,et al.  Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. , 1995, Microbiological reviews.

[58]  L. Pearl,et al.  Crystal structure of the beta-glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic archeon Sulfolobus solfataricus: resilience as a key factor in thermostability. , 1997, Journal of molecular biology.

[59]  Rudolf W. Kessler,et al.  New strategies for exploiting flax and hemp , 1996 .

[60]  Jungbae Kim,et al.  Unusual salt and solvent dependence of a protease from an extreme halophile. , 1997, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[61]  D. Cowan,et al.  An extremely thermostable extracellular proteinase from a strain of the archaebacterium Desulfurococcus growing at 88 degrees C. , 1987, The Biochemical journal.

[62]  D. Clark,et al.  Optimizing the salt-induced activation of enzymes in organic solvents: effects of lyophilization time and water content. , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[63]  P. Halling,et al.  Solvation of CBZ–amino acid nitrophenyl esters in organic media and the kinetics of their transesterification by subtilisin , 1994, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[64]  F. Arnold,et al.  Engineering a revolution , 1999 .

[65]  G. Gottschalk,et al.  Screening of Environmental DNA Libraries for the Presence of Genes Conferring Lipolytic Activity onEscherichia coli , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[66]  G. Vriend,et al.  Engineering an enzyme to resist boiling. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[67]  P. T. Kaye,et al.  Activity of mushroom polyphenol oxidase in organic medium , 1993, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[68]  F. Arnold,et al.  Directed evolution of biocatalysts. , 1999, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[69]  Frances H. Arnold,et al.  Design by Directed Evolution. , 1998 .

[70]  M. Reetz,et al.  Directed evolution of enantioselective enzymes for organic chemistry. , 2000, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[71]  P. Schreier,et al.  Novel Biocatalysts by Chemical Modification of Known Enzymes: Cross-Linked Microcrystals of the Semisynthetic Peroxidase Seleno-Subtilisin. , 1998, Angewandte Chemie.

[72]  W. Tischer,et al.  Immobilized enzymes: crystals or carriers? , 1999, Trends in biotechnology.

[73]  R. Vijayaraghavan,et al.  Purification and Biochemical Characterisation of Ricin from Castor Seeds , 2004 .

[74]  P. Broun,et al.  Catalytic plasticity of fatty acid modification enzymes underlying chemical diversity of plant lipids. , 1998, Science.

[75]  J. Lebeault,et al.  Surface display of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase by using the ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae , 1998, Nature Biotechnology.

[76]  P. Adlercreutz,et al.  Water activity and substrate concentration effects on lipase activity. , 1997, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[77]  F. Arnold,et al.  Directed evolution of enzyme catalysts. , 1997, Trends in biotechnology.

[78]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Increasing the productivity of bioconversion processes , 1997 .