Antifungal Activity of Organic and Aqueous Extractions in Plakobranchus ocellatus (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata

In the recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of marine natural products on human pathogens. It is determined that sacoglossan mollusks have special natural products which attracted more attempts and attentions. For the first time, in the present study antifungal activity of Plakobranchus ocellatus collected from the southern waters of Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf has been investigated. Acetonitrile, ethanol and sodium phosphate buffer as organic and aqueous extracts were prepared from the whole body tissue and tested through seven concentrations against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata. The extractions with more responses against fungal strains were identified. Maximum and minimum inhibition zones were estimated for acetonitrile and sodium phosphate buffer extracts against C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, respectively. The organic extracts were the best solvents for extracting antifungal compounds. Acetonitrile extractions showed the best antifungal activity and C. glabrata was the most resistant strain against all P. ocellatus antifungal extractions.

[1]  S. Ravichandran,et al.  IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEA SLUG ARMINA BABAI FROM PAZHAYAAR, SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA , 2014 .

[2]  Giji Sadhasivam,et al.  In vitro antibacterial, alpha-amylase inhibition potential of three nudibranchs extracts from South East coast of India , 2013 .

[3]  R. Sharanappa.  ANTI-CANDIDA ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS . A REVIEW , 2013 .

[4]  Mariana Henriques,et al.  Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. , 2012, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[5]  T. Jagtap,et al.  Ecological observations and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Sacoglossan Elysia bangtawaensis (Swennen) , 2012 .

[6]  S. Balakrishnan,et al.  Antimicrobial activities of the tissue extracts of Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Thazhanguda, southeast coast of India. , 2012, Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine.

[7]  Z. Ayub,et al.  Antibacterial and antifungal activity in three species of Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) collected from rocky ledge of Mubarak Village, Karachi. , 2012 .

[8]  T. Balasubramanian,et al.  Investigation of antimicrobial and plasma coagulation property of some molluscan ink extracts: Gastropods and cephalopods , 2011 .

[9]  P. Krug,et al.  Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life , 2009, Frontiers in Zoology.

[10]  K. Khajeh,et al.  Isolation of a 60 kDa protein with in vitro anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines from the purple fluid of the Persian Gulf sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela , 2007 .

[11]  M. Hamann,et al.  Lysosome and HER3 (ErbB3) selective anticancer agent kahalalide F: semisynthetic modifications and antifungal lead-exploration studies. , 2007, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[12]  G. Johnsen,et al.  Retention of functional chloroplasts in some sacoglossans from the Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean , 2007 .

[13]  P. Proksch,et al.  Kahalalide derivatives from the Indian sacoglossan mollusk Elysia grandifolia. , 2006, Journal of natural products.

[14]  M. Gavagnin,et al.  Molluscs : from chemo-ecological study to biotechnological application , 2006 .

[15]  H. Wägele,et al.  Preliminary study on molecular phylogeny of Saccoglossa and a compilation of their food organisms , 2004 .

[16]  S. Stepanović,et al.  In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. , 2003, Microbiological research.

[17]  A. S. Kantarcioglu,et al.  The presence of fluconazole-resistant Candida dubliniensis strains among Candida albicans isolates from immunocompromised or otherwise debilitated HIV-negative Turkish patients. , 2002, Revista iberoamericana de micologia.

[18]  K. Rajagopal,et al.  Antifungal and cytotoxic effects of methanol extracts of three marine molluscs. , 2001, Indian journal of experimental biology.

[19]  C. Nombela,et al.  Candida albicans: genetics, dimorphism and pathogenicity. , 1998, International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology.

[20]  W. Fenical.  Marine Biodiversity and the Medicine Cabinet: The Status of New Drugs from Marine Organisms , 1996 .

[21]  M. K. Harper,et al.  Defensive chemicals of the Spanisch dancer nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus and its egg ribbons: macrolides derived from a sponge diet , 1988 .

[22]  M. Yamazaki,et al.  Purification and characterization of aplysianin E, an antitumor factor from sea hare eggs. , 1987, Cancer research.

[23]  David E. Williams,et al.  Diaulusterols A and B from the skin extracts of the dorid nudibranch Diaulula sandiegensis , 1986 .