Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

It has been repeatedly shown that the TNO stereotest overestimates stereo threshold compared to other clinical stereotests. In the current study, we test whether this overestimation can be attributed to a distinction between ‘global’ (or ‘cyclopean’) and ‘local’ (feature or contour‐based) stereopsis.

[1]  K. Simons Stereoacuity norms in young children. , 1981, Archives of ophthalmology.

[2]  J. Read,et al.  Stereo vision and strabismus , 2015, Eye.

[3]  F. Rowe,et al.  Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[4]  G C DeAngelis,et al.  The physiology of stereopsis. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[5]  A. Parker,et al.  Range and mechanism of encoding of horizontal disparity in macaque V1. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  Clifton M. Schor,et al.  Perisaccadic Stereo Depth with Zero Retinal Disparity , 2010, Current Biology.

[7]  Louise L A Doorn,et al.  Manufacturer changes lead to clinically important differences between two editions of the TNO stereotest , 2014, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[8]  Laurie M. Wilcox,et al.  Sparing of coarse stereopsis in stereodeficient children with a history of amblyopia. , 2013, Journal of vision.

[9]  W. L. Larson Effect of TNO Red‐Green Glasses on Local Stereoacuity , 1988, American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics.

[10]  K. Simons,et al.  Artifacts in fusion and stereopsis testing based on red/green dichoptic image separation. , 1994, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[11]  G. Mitchell,et al.  A comparison of stereopsis testing between red/green targets and polarized targets in children with normal binocular vision. , 2008, Optometry.

[12]  Gerald Westheimer,et al.  Clinical evaluation of stereopsis , 2013, Vision Research.

[13]  B. Antona,et al.  Intraexaminer repeatability and agreement in stereoacuity measurements made in young adults. , 2015, International journal of ophthalmology.

[14]  R. Saxena,et al.  Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia , 2013, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[15]  J Cooper,et al.  Lateral Displacement as a Response Cue in the Titmus Stereo Test , 1977, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[16]  Timothy R. Fricke,et al.  Stereopsis, stereotests, and their relation to vision screening and clinical practice , 1997 .

[17]  Miguel A. Gil,et al.  Stereo-Acuity in Patients Implanted with Multifocal Intraocular Lenses: Is the Choice of Stereotest Relevant? , 2014, Current eye research.

[18]  Masaaki Kawahashi,et al.  Renovation of Journal of Visualization , 2010, J. Vis..

[19]  K. Saunders,et al.  Stereoacuity norms for school-age children using the Frisby stereotest. , 2013, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[20]  M C COLEBRANDER,et al.  The limits of stereoscopic vision. , 1948, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[21]  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLINICAL STEREOTESTS , 1982, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[22]  Z. Gregor,et al.  A prospective study of the effect of a unilateral macular hole on sensory and motor binocular function and recovery following successful surgery , 2004, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[23]  D. Altman,et al.  STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT , 1986, The Lancet.

[24]  S Elliott,et al.  Interventions for infantile esotropia. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[25]  T. Oshika,et al.  Stereopsis after successful surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment , 2014, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[26]  Effects of Duane's retraction syndrome on sensory visual development. , 1999, Strabismus.

[27]  W H Pratt Stereoscopic vision. , Science.

[28]  K Simons,et al.  A new stereoscopic test for amblyopia screening. , 1974, American journal of ophthalmology.

[29]  Zhigang Yang,et al.  Visualization of icing process of a water droplet impinging onto a frozen cold plate under free and forced convection , 2012, Journal of Visualization.

[30]  J. Sloper,et al.  Effect of age on adult stereoacuity as measured by different types of stereotest , 2005, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[31]  J P Frisby,et al.  Use of random-dot sterograms in the clinical assessment of strabismic patients. , 1975, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[32]  D. Altman,et al.  Measuring agreement in method comparison studies , 1999, Statistical methods in medical research.

[33]  Alessandro Rizzi,et al.  Assessing stereo blindness and stereo acuity on digital displays , 2014, Displays.

[34]  J. Mayhew,et al.  Vergence Eye Movements Made in Response to Spatial-Frequency-Filtered Random-Dot Stereograms , 1981, Perception.

[35]  Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza,et al.  The Stereoscopic Anisotropy Develops During Childhood , 2016, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[36]  L L Cornforth,et al.  Chromatic Imbalance Due to Commonly Used Red‐Green Filters Reduces Accuracy of Stereoscopic Depth Perception , 1987, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[37]  Jenny C. A. Read,et al.  Avoiding monocular artifacts in clinical stereotests presented on column-interleaved digital stereoscopic displays , 2016, Journal of vision.

[38]  Jiayan Huang,et al.  Stereoacuity of Preschool Children with and without Vision Disorders , 2014, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[39]  D H Brainard,et al.  The Psychophysics Toolbox. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[40]  E. Birch,et al.  Validity of the Titmus and Randot circles tasks in children with known binocular vision disorders. , 2003, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[41]  A. Glennerster,et al.  PII: S0042-6989(97)00213-7 , 2003 .

[42]  K. Sagawa,et al.  Spectral luminous efficiency as a function of age. , 2001, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[43]  K Simons,et al.  A comparison of the Frisby, Random-Dot E, TNO, and Randot circles stereotests in screening and office use. , 1981, Archives of ophthalmology.

[44]  S. Leat,et al.  The moving Dynamic Random Dot Stereosize test: development, age norms, and comparison with the Frisby, Randot, and Stereo Smile tests. , 2001, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[45]  Laurie M. Wilcox,et al.  On the typical development of stereopsis: Fine and coarse processing , 2013, Vision Research.

[46]  Properties of anaglyphic materials that affect the testing and training of binocular vision. , 1986, Journal of the American Optometric Association.