Transmission loss evaluation for electric systems

Transmission losses in electric system are shown to be a function of customer load, general schedules, imports, exports, and wheeling, with various portions of the system being sensitive to one or more of these parameters. A methodology to capture the majority of transmission losses through load flow modeling is presented. In those instances where special consideration is required, i.e., components where losses are a function of load and remote generation on radial lines, additional information is presented. Methods of correctly incorporating transformer iron and copper losses and transmission-line corona losses in loss analyses are discussed. In addition, it is demonstrated that the use of the empirical equivalent hours loss factor is inappropriate for most applications. >