QuaLe: A Quantum-Leap Inspired Model for Non-stationary Analysis of NoC Traffic in Chip Multi-processors

This paper identifies non-stationary effects in grid like Network-on-Chip (NoC) traffic and proposes QuaLe, a novel statistical physics-inspired model, that can account for non-stationarity observed in packet arrival processes. Using a wide set of real application traces, we demonstrate the need for a multi-fractal approach and analyze various packet arrival properties accordingly. As a case study, we show the benefits of our multifractal approach in estimating the probability of missing deadlines in packet scheduling for chip multiprocessors (CMPs).

[1]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[2]  Antoine Fraboulet,et al.  Automatic phase detection for stochastic on-chip traffic generation , 2006, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS '06).

[3]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW , 2004 .

[4]  S. F. Timashev.  Self-similarity in nature , 2000 .

[5]  Rosario N. Mantegna,et al.  An Introduction to Econophysics: Contents , 1999 .

[6]  Benoit B. Mandelbrot,et al.  Les objets fractals : forme, hasard et dimension , 1989 .

[7]  D. Harte.  Multifractals: Theory and Applications , 2001 .

[8]  John L. Henning.  SPEC CPU2006 benchmark descriptions , 2006, CARN.

[9]  Walter Willinger,et al.  Is Network Traffic Self-Similar or Multifractal? , 1997 .

[10]  Rosario N. Mantegna,et al.  Book Review: An Introduction to Econophysics, Correlations, and Complexity in Finance, N. Rosario, H. Mantegna, and H. E. Stanley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. , 2000 .

[11]  W. Dally,et al.  Route packets, not wires: on-chip interconnection networks , 2001, Proceedings of the 38th Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37232).

[12]  B. Mandelbrot.  Intermittent turbulence in self-similar cascades: divergence of high moments and dimension of the carrier , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[13]  Tamás Viczek,et al.  Fluctuations and Scaling in Biology , 2001 .

[14]  Sergey N. Dorogovtsev,et al.  Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics) , 2003 .

[15]  Onur Mutlu,et al.  A case for bufferless routing in on-chip networks , 2009, ISCA '09.

[16]  H. L. Grant,et al.  Turbulence spectra from a tidal channel , 1962, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[17]  Harish Patil,et al.  Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation , 2005, PLDI '05.

[18]  William J. Dally,et al.  Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks , 2004 .

[19]  B. Mandelbrot.  Intermittent turbulence in self-similar cascades : divergence of high moments and dimension of the carrier , 2004 .

[20]  T. Vicsek.  Fractal Growth Phenomena , 1989 .

[21]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth: Frontmatter , 1995 .

[22]  Li-Shiuan Peh,et al.  A Statistical Traffic Model for On-Chip Interconnection Networks , 2006, 14th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation.

[23]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  Structure and Dynamics of Networks , 2009 .

[24]  D. Schertzer,et al.  Physical modeling and analysis of rain and clouds by anisotropic scaling multiplicative processes , 1987 .

[25]  Radu Marculescu,et al.  Statistical physics approaches for network-on-chip traffic characterization , 2009, CODES+ISSS '09.

[26]  Sanjay Bhansali,et al.  Framework for instruction-level tracing and analysis of program executions , 2006, VEE '06.

[27]  Rajiv Kapoor,et al.  Pinpointing Representative Portions of Large Intel® Itanium® Programs with Dynamic Instrumentation , 2004, 37th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-37'04).

[28]  Onur Mutlu,et al.  Efficient Runahead Execution: Power-Efficient Memory Latency Tolerance , 2006, IEEE Micro.

[29]  Azer Bestavros,et al.  Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: evidence and possible causes , 1996, SIGMETRICS '96.

[30]  Henry J. Fowler,et al.  Local Area Network Traffic Characteristics, with Implications for Broadband Network Congestion Management , 1991, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[31]  Duncan J. Watts,et al.  The Structure and Dynamics of Networks: (Princeton Studies in Complexity) , 2006 .

[32]  Raj Jain,et al.  Packet Trains-Measurements and a New Model for Computer Network Traffic , 1986, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[33]  A. Kolmogorov.  The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[34]  Radu Marculescu,et al.  On-chip traffic modeling and synthesis for MPEG-2 video applications , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[35]  Uriel Frisch,et al.  A simple dynamical model of intermittent fully developed turbulence , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[36]  Roberto Benzi,et al.  On the multifractal nature of fully developed turbulence and chaotic systems , 1984 .

[37]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Fractal concepts in surface growth , 1995 .

[38]  Radu Marculescu,et al.  Quantum-Like Effects in Network-on-Chip Buffers Behavior , 2007, 2007 44th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference.

[39]  Sally Floyd,et al.  Wide-area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling , 1994 .