Evolutionally dynamic L1 regulation in embryonic stem cells

Mobile elements are important evolutionary forces that challenge genomic integrity. Long interspersed element-1 (L1/LINE-1) is the only autonomous transposon still active in the human genome. Here, Castro-Diaz et al. show that early embryonic control of L1 is an evolutionarily dynamic process. The data indicate that two transcriptional repression systems are engaged in repressing L1 in human embryonic stem cells. A model is proposed in which newly emerged L1 lineages are first suppressed by DNA methylation-inducing small RNA-based mechanisms before sequence-specific protein repressors are selected.

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