Temporal Relationship Between Elevated Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffening Among Middle-Aged Black and White Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

This study assessed the temporal relationship between elevated blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in a biracial (black-white) cohort of middle-aged adults aged 32-51 years from the semirural community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. Measurements of aortic-femoral pulse wave velocity (afPWV; n = 446) and large- and small-arterial compliance (n = 381) were obtained at 2 time points between 2000 and 2010, with an average follow-up period of 7 years. A cross-lagged path analysis model was used to examine the temporal relationship of elevated BP to arterial stiffness and elasticity. The cross-lagged path coefficients did not differ significantly between blacks and whites. The path coefficient (ρ2) from baseline BP to follow-up afPWV was significantly greater than the path coefficient (ρ1) from baseline afPWV to follow-up BP (ρ2 = 0.20 vs. ρ1 = 0.07 (P = 0.048) for systolic BP; ρ2 = 0.19 vs. ρ1 = 0.05 (P = 0.034) for diastolic BP). The results for this 1-directional path from baseline BP to follow-up afPWV were confirmed, although marginally significant, by using large- and small-artery elasticity measurements. These findings provide strong evidence that elevated BP precedes large-artery stiffening in middle-aged adults. Unlike the case in older adults, the large-arterial wall is not stiff enough in youth to alter BP levels during young adulthood.

[1]  Gail Mora,et al.  The Chicken or the Egg , 2020, Diary of a Detour.

[2]  G. Mitchell.  Arterial stiffness and hypertension: chicken or egg? , 2014, Hypertension.

[3]  Daniel Levy,et al.  Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. , 2012, JAMA.

[4]  Bradley S. Fleenor,et al.  Arterial Stiffness , 2019, SpringerBriefs in Physiology.

[5]  R. Kronmal,et al.  American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Association of Small Artery Elasticity with Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis , 2022 .

[6]  G. Kimura,et al.  Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity predicts increase in blood pressure and onset of hypertension. , 2011, American journal of hypertension.

[7]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  Metabolic syndrome in childhood and increased arterial stiffness in adulthood — The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2011, Annals of medicine.

[8]  Na Wang,et al.  Hemodynamic Correlates of Blood Pressure Across the Adult Age Spectrum: Noninvasive Evaluation in the Framingham Heart Study , 2010, Circulation.

[9]  Hongyue Wang,et al.  A simple method of measuring thoracic aortic pulse wave velocity in children: methods and normal values. , 2010, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[10]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  Lifetime Risk Factors and Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2010, Hypertension.

[11]  Philip Chowienczyk,et al.  Dissociation of Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity With Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Other Than Hypertension: A Systematic Review , 2009, Hypertension.

[12]  D. Bluemke,et al.  Race/ethnic and sex differences in large and small artery elasticity--results of the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). , 2009, Ethnicity & disease.

[13]  Luigi Ferrucci,et al.  Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[14]  S. Srinivasan,et al.  Path analysis of metabolic syndrome components in black versus white children, adolescents, and adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. , 2008, Annals of epidemiology.

[15]  Chao-Yu Guo,et al.  Cross-Sectional Correlates of Increased Aortic Stiffness in the Community: The Framingham Heart Study , 2007, Circulation.

[16]  H. Hashimoto,et al.  Synergistic Acceleration of Arterial Stiffening in the Presence of Raised Blood Pressure and Raised Plasma Glucose , 2006, Hypertension.

[17]  S. Srinivasan,et al.  Influence of metabolic syndrome on arterial stiffness and its age-related change in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. , 2005, Atherosclerosis.

[18]  S. Franklin,et al.  Arterial stiffness and hypertension: a two-way street? , 2005, Hypertension.

[19]  J. Dernellis,et al.  Aortic Stiffness Is an Independent Predictor of Progression to Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Subjects , 2005, Hypertension.

[20]  Wei Chen,et al.  Correlates of carotid artery stiffness in young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. , 2004, Atherosclerosis.

[21]  A. O. Saez,et al.  Diastolic blood pressure is an important determinant of augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in young, healthy males , 2003, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[22]  Kathryn Bean,et al.  Determinants of Accelerated Progression of Arterial Stiffness in Normotensive Subjects and in Treated Hypertensive Subjects Over a 6-Year Period , 2002, Circulation.

[23]  S. Srinivasan,et al.  Childhood Blood Pressure as a Predictor of Arterial Stiffness in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study , 2001, Hypertension.

[24]  M. Kivimäki,et al.  Sense of coherence and health: evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal samples. , 2000, Social science & medicine.

[25]  D. Liao,et al.  Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension , 2000, Annals of medicine.

[26]  L. Chambless,et al.  Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension. The ARIC study. , 1999, Hypertension.

[27]  R. Asmar,et al.  Racial differences in aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive adults. , 1999, Journal of hypertension.

[28]  C. Rotimi,et al.  Hypertension in blacks. , 1997, American journal of hypertension.

[29]  W. Riley,et al.  Arterial stiffness: a new cardiovascular risk factor? , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.

[30]  A. Manatunga,et al.  Longitudinal assessment of blood pressures in black and white children. , 1993, Hypertension.

[31]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling With the Simplis Command Language , 1993 .

[32]  G. Berenson,et al.  Racial differences in blood pressure control. , 1979, Science.

[33]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness. , 1975 .

[34]  G. Sharp.  Two-way street. , 1971, AORN journal.

[35]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Association of pulse pressure, arterial elasticity, and endothelial function with kidney function decline among adults with estimated GFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m(2): the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). , 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[36]  D. Bluemke,et al.  Structural and functional vascular alterations and incident hypertension in normotensive adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. , 2010, American journal of epidemiology.

[37]  C. Li.  Path Analysis: A Primer , 1981 .

[38]  G. Berenson,et al.  Cardiovascular risk factors in children : the early natural history of atherosclerosis and essential hypertension , 1979 .

[39]  A. Yamashina,et al.  Nature Publishing Group Original Contributions Arterial-cardiac Destiffening following Long-term Antihypertensive Treatment , 2022 .