Context-aware techniques for visualization

Die Visualisierung von Daten wird immer wichtiger, da die Menge an Daten, ob gemessen oder berechnet, bereits enorme Ausmase angenommen hat und oft nicht ohne geeignete Visualisierungsverfahren analysiert werden kann. Die Entwicklung neuartiger Methoden zur Darstellung von Daten, die es erlauben, ein tieferes Verstandnis zu erlangen, ist noch immer ein aktiver Forschungsbereich und wird es mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch weiterhin sein. Somit entsteht eine permanent wachsende Vielfalt an Visualisierungsverfahren fur unterschiedliche Datenformate, wodurch insbesondere das Problem verscharft wird, ein geeignetes Verfahren auszuwahlen, welches die zu untersuchenden Daten entsprechend darstellt. Noch problematischer ist die Konfiguration und genaue Anpassung der Visualisierungsparameter auf die Charakteristiken der zu Grunde liegenden Daten. Diese Dissertation befasst sich daher intensiv mit kontextabhangigen Techniken, um Herausforderungen wie die Implementierung, Auswahl und Konfiguration von geeigneten Visualisierungstechniken mit Hilfe von kontextabhangigen Verfahren zu ermoglichen. Welches Verfahren sich wann eignet, hangt dabei stark von der aktuell vorherrschenden Situation (Kontext) ab, die durch reale Eigenschaften (Ort, Gerat, usw.) und virtuelle Informationen (Datenformat, Benutzereinstellungen, usw.) definiert wird. Die dargestellten Forschungsergebnisse dokumentieren den Fortschritt in vielen Bereichen, die relevant bei der Entwicklung eines kontextabhangigen Rahmenwerks fur entsprechende Visualisierungsverfahren sind. Das System basiert auf der verteilten Nexus-Plattform, die Umgebungsmodelle fur mobile kontextbezogene Systeme bereitstellt und mobile Anwendungen effizient unterstutzt. Die Nexus Plattform stellt Basisfunktionalitaten fur die Verarbeitung von Kontextdaten zur Verfugung, welche im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durch neuartige Techniken fur die Erfassung und Verarbeitung von Kontextinformationen auf mobilen Geraten erganzt werden. Dabei werden optische Bildsensoren zur Erkennung von Merkmalen der physikalischen Umgebung eingesetzt, deren Ausgangsdaten weiterverarbeitet werden, um einfache Kontextinformationen zu ermitteln. Eine Anreicherung dieser Daten wird durch einen neuartigen interaktiven Prozess erreicht, bei dem wiederum Kontextwissen eingesetzt wird, um weitere Kontextmerkmale durch gezielte Benutzerfuhrung aufzunehmen. Das zuvor erwahnte Rahmenwerk fur kontextabhangige Visualisierung analysiert relevante Kontextdaten, die entweder von Nexus geliefert werden oder durch lokale Sensoren, und bestimmt passende Visualisierungsverfahren durch einen XML-Schema Abgleich. Fur eine interaktive Darstellung der meist sehr grosen Datenmengen sind Verfahren einzusetzen, die Graphikhardware zur Erzeugung der Darstellung effizient nutzen. Schlieslich werden Ergebnisse der Untersuchung und Implementierung von kontextabhangigen Visualisierungsverfahren prasentiert. Einige bekannte interaktive Methoden, wie beispielsweise Farbkodierung, Volumendarstellung, Stromungslinien, usw., werden exemplarisch in das Rahmenwerk integriert. Dabei wird insbesondereWert auf die Entwicklung echtzeitfahiger Kontextanpassungsverfahren gelegt. Somit werden neuartige Visualisierungsansatze moglich, die auf Basis von prototypischen Implementierungen evaluiert werden. Visualization of data becomes increasingly important as the amount of generated data, captured or calculated, already reached an enormous extent and often cannot be interpreted without adequate visualization techniques. The development and invention of novel methods to present data in order to gain an in-depth understanding of data is still, and will most likely long be, an active field of research. This results in a permanent growth in the variety of data types and visualization techniques, raising the problem of choosing an adequate technique that visualizes the considered data appropriately. Even more difficult is the configuration and fine-tuning of visualization parameters to match characteristics of the considered raw data. Therefore, this thesis focuses on context-aware techniques to address these non-trivial challenges of implementing, finding, selecting, and configuring suitable visualizations for arbitrary,heterogeneous data. Suitability is thereby strongly influenced by the situation of real-world (location, device, etc.) and virtual (data format, user preference, etc.) attributes, in summary referred to as context. The presented research contributes to various aspects for the development of a context-aware visualization framework and its application to realize context-aware visualization techniques. The framework is built on top of the distributed Nexus system, which provides spatial world models for mobile context-aware applications, and is designed to efficiently support mobile client devices. Nexus provides fundamental functionality to query context information that is extended by this thesis with novel techniques to acquire and process context information on mobile devices. In particular, optical image sensors are used to capture features of the physical environment which are further processed to derive simple context information. To enrich this knowledge about the actual context, a novel interactive approach is proposed where context information is used to guide users in capturing additional context features. The aforementioned framework analyzes all relevant context dataoriginating either from the Nexus system or from client-attached sensor technologyand performs a XML schema matching to determine appropriate visualization techniques. For interactive renderings of the mostly huge amounts of raw data, graphics-hardware friendly representations have to be generated, again dependent on the context. Finally, research on core context-aware visualization techniques is presented. Many common interactive visualization methodse.g. color coding, volume rendering, stream lines, etc.are easily integrated into the framework. Special emphasis is put on the development of interactive context-aware adaptation leading to improved or even new visualization approaches that are evaluated based on various prototype applications.

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