Stolen smiles: a summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe.

This report presents some of the first-ever statistical data on trafficked womens health outcomes. It also provides evidence on violence and health risks that may have influenced these outcomes. The findings are startling in the breadth and depth of the harm women sustained. The level of harm caused to so many aspects of womens physical sexual and psychological health was all-encompassing posing a massive challenge to care providers. The organizations that assist women who have been trafficked frequently have their economic and human resources stretched to the maximum. With this study we hope not only to call attention to the health implications of trafficking in women but to provide fact-based information on the range of health consequences of trafficking which can lead to better more holistic care for women who have been trafficked. To this end our research team and the women who were trafficked joined together to provide a full set of data on many discrete aspects of womens health. From this evidence-base we hope that improved policies and well-planned and resourced services will be available for the many women who will be requiring assistance in rebuilding their health and well-being. (excerpt)

[1]  Frederick P Rivara,et al.  Intimate partner violence: prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. , 2006, American journal of preventive medicine.

[2]  J. Anthony,et al.  The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: latent class analysis in 2 community samples. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[3]  G. Wolters,et al.  Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: a review of prospective and experimental studies. , 2005, Clinical psychology review.

[4]  V. Patel,et al.  Why do women complain of vaginal discharge? A population survey of infectious and pyschosocial risk factors in a South Asian community. , 2005, International journal of epidemiology.

[5]  O. Dalgard,et al.  Self‐reported skin morbidity and mental health. A population survey among adults in a Norwegian city , 2005, The British journal of dermatology.

[6]  Á. P. Pinto,et al.  Sexually-transmitted viral diseases in women: clinical and epidemiological aspects and advances in laboratory diagnosis. , 2005, The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases.

[7]  G. Garnett,et al.  Metaanalysis and Metaregression in Interpreting Study Variability in the Impact of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Susceptibility to HIV Infection , 2005, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[8]  Giorgio Palù,et al.  Short statement of the first European Consensus Conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV co-infected patients. , 2005, Journal of hepatology.

[9]  R. Punamäki,et al.  The role of peritraumatic dissociation and gender in the association between trauma and mental health in a Palestinian community sample. , 2005, The American journal of psychiatry.

[10]  K. Ethier,et al.  Data collection for sexually transmitted disease diagnoses: a comparison of self-report, medical record reviews, and state health department reports. , 2005, Annals of epidemiology.

[11]  C. R. Snyder,et al.  Forgiveness as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and hostility in survivors of childhood abuse , 2005, Cognition & emotion.

[12]  S. Adebajo,et al.  Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in Lagos, Nigeria , 2005, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[13]  J. Mcfarlane,et al.  Intimate Partner Sexual Assault Against Women: Frequency, Health Consequences, and Treatment Outcomes , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[14]  C. Coe,et al.  Intimate Male Partner Violence Impairs Immune Control Over Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Physically and Psychologically Abused Women , 2004, Psychosomatic medicine.

[15]  L. López-Carrillo,et al.  Is induced abortion a contributing factor to tubal infertility in Mexico? Evidence from a case–control study , 2004, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[16]  S. Kalichman,et al.  Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa , 2004, AIDS care.

[17]  S. Segerstrom,et al.  Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. , 2004, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  R. Bryant,et al.  Peritraumatic Versus Persistent Dissociation in Acute Stress Disorder , 2003, Journal of traumatic stress.

[19]  N. Breslau Epidemiologic Studies of Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and other Psychiatric Disorders , 2002, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[20]  S. Vermund,et al.  Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health. , 2002, Epidemiologic reviews.

[21]  S. M. Rogers,et al.  NAAT–Identified and Self-Reported Gonorrhea and Chlamydial Infections: Different At-Risk Population Subgroups? , 2002, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[22]  Jacquelyn C. Campbell,et al.  Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.

[23]  Jacquelyn C. Campbell,et al.  Health consequences of intimate partner violence , 2002, The Lancet.

[24]  S. Turner,et al.  Discrepancies in autobiographical memories — implications for the assessment of asylum seekers: repeated interviews study , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[25]  M. Shields,et al.  Determinants of self-perceived health. , 2001, Health reports.

[26]  J. Laurence Coinfection with hepatitis viruses and HIV: good and bad news. , 2001, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[27]  H. Moldofsky,et al.  Sleep and pain. , 2001, Sleep medicine reviews.

[28]  P. Nishith,et al.  Trauma-Related Sleep Disturbance and Self-Reported Physical Health Symptoms in Treatment-Seeking Female Rape Victims , 2001, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[29]  W. Vega,et al.  Intimate Partner Violence and Health: Self-Assessed Health, Chronic Health, and Somatic Symptoms Among Mexican American Women , 2001, Psychosomatic medicine.

[30]  J. Piper,et al.  Minority women with sexually transmitted diseases: sexual abuse and risk for pelvic inflammatory disease. , 2001, Research in nursing & health.

[31]  R. Mckeown,et al.  Physical health consequences of physical and psychological intimate partner violence. , 2000, Archives of family medicine.

[32]  Sohee Park,et al.  Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol after psychological stress. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[33]  B. Green,et al.  Outcomes of Single Versus Multiple Trauma Exposure in a Screening Sample , 2000, Journal of traumatic stress.

[34]  G. Schmid,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis and HIV infection , 2000, Sexually transmitted infections.

[35]  E. Foa,et al.  Interpersonal Friction and PTSD in Female Victims of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault , 1999, Journal of traumatic stress.

[36]  M. Cascardi,et al.  Co-occurrence and Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression in Physically Abused Women , 1999, Journal of Family Violence.

[37]  E. Letourneau,et al.  Gynecologic health consequences to victims of interpersonal violence. , 1999, Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.

[38]  J. Kaewkungwal,et al.  HIV‐1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand: continued high incidence among brothel‐based women , 1998, AIDS.

[39]  Myron S. Cohen,et al.  Sexually transmitted diseases enhance HIV transmission: no longer a hypothesis , 1998, The Lancet.

[40]  L. E. Ferris,et al.  Factors influencing the delivery of abortion services in Ontario: a descriptive study. , 1998, Family planning perspectives.

[41]  D. Drossman,et al.  Selected symptoms associated with sexual and physical abuse history among female patients with gastrointestinal disorders: the impact on subsequent health care visits , 1998, Psychological Medicine.

[42]  P. Resick,et al.  Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: psychophysiological indicators. , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[43]  S. Aral,et al.  Sexual Intercourse During Menstruation and Self‐Reported Sexually Transmitted Disease History Among Women , 1996, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[44]  M. Lewis,et al.  A process model for understanding adaptation to sexual abuse: the role of shame in defining stigmatization. , 1996, Child abuse & neglect.

[45]  E. Foa,et al.  Coping strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[46]  M. Koss,et al.  Traumatic memory characteristics: a cross-validated mediational model of response to rape among employed women , 1996 .

[47]  D. Riggs,et al.  The Cycle of Trauma: Relationship Aggression in Male Vietnam Veterans With Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 1996, Violence and Victims.

[48]  Kathleen Appleton Book Review Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches Edited by Metin Basoglu. 527 pp. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992. $95. 0-521-39299-3 , 1993 .

[49]  S. Cohen,et al.  Stress and immunity in humans: a meta‐analytic review. , 1993, Psychosomatic medicine.

[50]  M. Koss,et al.  Somatic consequences of violence against women. , 1992, Archives of family medicine.

[51]  D. Drossman,et al.  Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[52]  S. Garland,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis infections — The Royal Women's Hospital experience , 1989, The Medical journal of Australia.

[53]  D. Gath,et al.  Psychiatric disorder and gynaecological symptoms in middle aged women: a community survey. , 1987, British medical journal.

[54]  S. Folkman,et al.  Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[55]  C. Ballinger,et al.  Factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in women ‐ a general practice survey , 1985, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[56]  L. Derogatis,et al.  The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report , 1983, Psychological Medicine.

[57]  C. Watts,et al.  Recommendations for the Reproductive & Sexual Health Care of Trafficked Women in Ukraine: Focus on STI/RTI Care. , 2005 .

[58]  C. Watts,et al.  WHO ethical and safety recommendations for interviewing trafficked women. , 2003 .

[59]  C. Watts,et al.  The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents: Findings from a European study , 2003 .

[60]  R. Post,et al.  Prospective and Retrospective Life-Charting in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (The PTSD-LCM): A Pilot Study , 2001 .

[61]  R. Kaul,et al.  Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya , 2001, Sexually transmitted infections.

[62]  M. Koss,et al.  Sleep disorder, depression, and suicidality in female sexual assault survivors. , 2000, Crisis.

[63]  D. Karadeniz,et al.  Effects of 48 hours sleep deprivation on human immune profile. , 1999, Sleep research online : SRO.

[64]  W. Dickinson,et al.  Health-related quality of life and symptom profiles of female survivors of sexual abuse. , 1999, Archives of family medicine.

[65]  T. Stern,et al.  Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety. , 1998, Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists.

[66]  M. Koss,et al.  Traumatic memory characteristics: a cross-validated mediational model of response to rape among employed women. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[67]  J. Watson,et al.  Psychiatric morbidity and illness behaviour in women with chronic pelvic pain. , 1994, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[68]  S. Mineka,et al.  The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in post-traumatic stress responses in torture survivors , 1992 .

[69]  S. Cohen,et al.  Stress and infectious disease in humans. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.