A Review of Salivary Biomarker: A Tool for Early Oral Cancer Diagnosis

The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common epithelial malignancies with significant morbidity and mortality. Recent observations indicate that the clinical and histological appearance of oral mucosa may not truly depict the damage occurring at the genetic level. This phenotypic and genotypic disparity may account in part for the failure to establish effective screening and surveillance protocols, based on the traditional clinical and microscopic examination. The tumor markers are playing an increasingly important role in cancer detection and management. These laboratory-based tests are potentially useful in screening for early malignancy, aiding in cancer diagnosis, determining prognosis, surveillance following curative surgery for cancer, up-front predicting drug response or resistance, and monitoring therapy in advanced disease. A systematic review of the literature was performed based on the English titles listed in the PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, Science Direct, ISI web Science, and SciELO databases using the keywords. Abstracts and full-text articles were assessed. This article may help to identify the potential biomarkers for screening and the molecular pathology analysis in the high-risk patients with the OSCC.

[1]  David Elashoff,et al.  Salivary Proteomics for Oral Cancer Biomarker Discovery , 2008, Clinical Cancer Research.

[2]  A. Kurt,et al.  Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of small cell lung cancer patients , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[3]  H. Kim,et al.  Prevalence of Oral Microbes in the Saliva of Oncological Patients , 2009 .

[4]  B. Baum,et al.  Principles of Saliva Secretion , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[5]  R. Begum,et al.  A Review on Salivary Genomics and Proteomics Biomarkers in Oral Cancer , 2011, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.

[6]  R. Rezola,et al.  p53 and Cyclin D1 as Prognostic Factors in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx , 2003, The Laryngoscope.

[7]  N. Miller,et al.  Estrogen induces repression of the breast cancer and salivary gland expression gene in an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent manner. , 2008, Cancer research.

[8]  M. Posner,et al.  The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: A descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects , 2005, Journal of Translational Medicine.

[9]  John R Yates,et al.  The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions. , 2008, Journal of proteome research.

[10]  T. Ganz,et al.  Defensins: Endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells , 1991, Cell.

[11]  David Elashoff,et al.  Salivary Transcriptome Diagnostics for Oral Cancer Detection , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[12]  K. Mishima,et al.  Defensin-1, a peptide detected in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. , 1998, Anticancer research.

[13]  W. Tilakaratne.  Oral Cavity and Major and Minor Salivary Glands , 2007 .

[14]  N. Park,et al.  A universal pre-analytic solution for concurrent stabilization of salivary proteins, RNA and DNA at ambient temperature. , 2009, Archives of oral biology.

[15]  Akhilesh Sharma,et al.  An insight into salivary markers in oral cancer , 2013, Dental research journal.

[16]  H. M. Cheng.  Inhibitory cofactor of antiphospholipid antibody in normal pregnancy sera. , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[17]  M. Gavish,et al.  Salivary analysis of oral cancer biomarkers , 2009, British Journal of Cancer.

[18]  M. Rosin,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity: a potential tool in management of oral premalignant lesions? , 2001, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[19]  S. Lee,et al.  Potential biomarkers in saliva for oral squamous cell carcinoma. , 2010, Oral oncology.

[20]  A. Simpson,et al.  Detection of oral and oropharyngeal cancer by microsatellite analysis in mouth washes and lesion brushings. , 2000, Oral oncology.

[21]  G. Tzimagiorgis,et al.  Salivary Markers for Oral Cancer Detection , 2010, The open dentistry journal.

[22]  Carlo Montemagno,et al.  Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 as potential biomarkers for oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. , 2004, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[23]  J. Crocker.  Molecular Biology In Cellular Pathology , 2003 .

[24]  J. Pontén,et al.  Tumor markers in human biopsy material. , 1989, Acta oncologica.

[25]  X. You,et al.  Preliminary observation on human saliva alpha-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. , 1993, Chinese medical journal.

[26]  N. Park,et al.  Salivary microRNA: Discovery, Characterization, and Clinical Utility for Oral Cancer Detection , 2009, Clinical Cancer Research.

[27]  P. Schwartz,et al.  Saliva and Serum CA 125 Assays for Detecting Malignant Ovarian Tumors , 1990, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  L. Zhong,et al.  Detection of telomerase activity in saliva from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. , 2005, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[29]  H. Iro,et al.  Salivary leptin as a candidate diagnostic marker in salivary gland tumors. , 2009, Clinical chemistry.

[30]  J. Herman,et al.  Predicting lung cancer by detecting aberrant promoter methylation in sputum. , 2000, Cancer research.

[31]  R. Singal,et al.  Soluble CD44 Is a Potential Marker for the Early Detection of Head and Neck Cancer , 2007, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[32]  J. Jen,et al.  Promoter hypermethylation patterns of p16, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, and death-associated protein kinase in tumors and saliva of head and neck cancer patients. , 2001, Cancer research.

[33]  Greg L Perkins,et al.  Serum tumor markers. , 2003, American family physician.

[34]  M. Chou,et al.  Mutation of p53 gene codon 63 in saliva as a molecular marker for oral squamous cell carcinomas. , 2000, Oral oncology.

[35]  S. Lippman,et al.  Predicting cancer development in oral leukoplakia: ten years of translational research. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[36]  J. Johnson,et al.  Circulating markers in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a review. , 1994, European journal of cancer. Part B, Oral oncology.

[37]  J. Califano,et al.  11:40 AM: A Genetic Progression Model for Head and Neck Cancer: Implications for Field Cancerization , 1996 .

[38]  T. Malati,et al.  Tumour markers: An overview , 2007, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.

[39]  W. Dubinsky,et al.  Proteomic analysis of saliva for cancer diagnosis , 2007, Expert review of proteomics.

[40]  N D Le,et al.  Use of allelic loss to predict malignant risk for low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[41]  J. Califano,et al.  Quantitative Detection of Promoter Hypermethylation of Multiple Genes in the Tumor, Urine, and Serum DNA of Patients with Renal Cancer , 2004, Cancer Research.

[42]  W. Bigbee,et al.  Characteristics of the Ideal Tumor Marker , 2003 .

[43]  D. Wong,et al.  Salivary diagnostics powered by nanotechnologies, proteomics and genomics. , 2006, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[44]  B. Paster,et al.  Salivary biomarkers for pancreatic cancer detection. , 2009, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[45]  J. Thigpen,et al.  A Preliminary Study of CA15-3, c-erbB-2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Cathepsin-D, and p53 in Saliva Among Women with Breast Carcinoma , 2000, Cancer investigation.

[46]  J. Morote Robles.  [What...about tumor markers]. , 1988, Actas urologicas espanolas.

[47]  J. Jen,et al.  Facile detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations in tumors and bodily fluids. , 2000, Science.