The impact and reach of MOOCs: a developing countries’ perspective

Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are a recent but hugely popular phenomenon in the online learning world. They are hailed by many as a solution for the developing world’s lack of access to education because MOOCs can provide learning opportunities to a massive number of learners from anywhere in the world as long as they can access the course through Internet. However, a close consideration of the ability of learn- ers from most developing countries to make use of MOOCs seems to contradict this rhetoric. This paper discusses features of MOOCs and looks at them from a developing countries’ perspective to conclude that due to a complicated set of conditions (‘access’, language, computer literacy among others) prevailing in developing countries, MOOCs may not be a viable solution for education for a large proportion of people in these ar- eas of the world. The paper further shows the need for more data on the demograph- ics of MOOC participants from developing countries to form a better understanding of MOOCs role in educating people from developing countries.

[1]  Terje Väljataga,et al.  Expanding the Concept of Learner Control in Higher Education: Consequences for Intervention Design , 2011, 2011 IEEE 11th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies.

[2]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  SCRIPTS, PLANS, GOALS, AND UNDERSTANDING , 1988 .

[3]  D. Wiley,et al.  Openness, Dynamic Specialization, and the Disaggregated Future of Higher Education , 2009 .

[4]  Rob Koper,et al.  Current Research in Learning Design , 2006 .

[5]  María Jesús Rodríguez-Triana,et al.  Towards a Monitoring-Aware Design Process for CSCL Scripts , 2012, CRIWG.

[6]  Shirley Williams,et al.  Extending higher educational opportunities through e-learning: a case study from Sri Lanka , 2011 .

[7]  Amanda Hayes Teaching Adults , 1967, Nature.

[8]  Yvonne de Kort,et al.  People, places, and play: player experience in a socio-spatial context , 2008, CIE.

[9]  Shirley Williams,et al.  MOOCs: A systematic study of the published literature 2008-2012 , 2013 .

[10]  Summer Smith Taylor Effects of Studio Space on Teaching and Learning: Preliminary Findings from Two Case Studies , 2009 .

[11]  Mark William Johnson,et al.  Beyond the Personal Learning Environment: attachment and control in the classroom of the future , 2014, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[12]  B. Bloom Taxonomy of educational objectives , 1956 .

[13]  Wendy Drexler,et al.  The networked student model for construction of personal learning environments: Balancing teacher control and student autonomy , 2010 .

[14]  Dennis E. Clayson,et al.  Marketing Models in Education: Students as Customers, Products, or Partners , 2005 .

[15]  Ilona Buchem,et al.  Psychological Ownership and Personal Learning Environments: Do sense of ownership and control really matter? , 2012 .

[16]  Karl T. Ulrich,et al.  Product Design and Development , 1995 .

[17]  Gráinne Conole,et al.  An overview of design representations , 2010 .

[18]  E. Wenger,et al.  Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier , 2000 .

[19]  H. Fournier,et al.  New dimensions to self-directed learning in an open networked learning environment , 2012 .

[20]  V. Iacopino The Taliban’s war on women : a health and human rights crisis in Afghanistan / [Vinvent Iacopino ; a report by Physicians for Human Rights. , 1998 .

[21]  Roy Williams,et al.  Blogs and forums as communication and learning tools in a MOOC , 2010 .

[22]  P. Gilster Digital Literacy , 1997, Encyclopedia of Education and Information Technologies.

[23]  Ilona Buchem,et al.  Understanding Personal Learning Environments: Literature review and synthesis through the Activity Theory lens , 2011 .

[24]  Kenton O'Hara,et al.  Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts , 2011, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[25]  Rita Kop,et al.  Connectivism: Learning theory of the future or vestige of the past? , 2008 .

[26]  J. Fiet The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship , 2001 .

[27]  Lina Yordanova,et al.  Gamification in education , 2014 .

[28]  Michele Furnari,et al.  Lessons for Students in Architecture , 1996 .

[29]  Lucy Bullivant,et al.  Responsive Environments: Architecture, Art and Design , 2006 .

[30]  李幼升,et al.  Ph , 1989 .

[31]  Y. Engeström,et al.  Expansive Learning at Work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization , 2001 .

[32]  David Buckingham,et al.  Media Education: Literacy, Learning and Contemporary Culture , 2003 .

[33]  Lars Kolvereid,et al.  Entrepreneurship among Business Graduates: Does a Major in Entrepreneurship Make a Difference?. , 1997 .

[34]  Kenn Fisher Research into identifying Effective Learning Environments , 2005 .

[35]  Sugata Mitra,et al.  Minimally Invasive Education for mass computer literacy , 2000 .

[36]  Carlo Giovannella,et al.  Scenarios for active learning in smart territories , 2013, IxD&A.

[37]  Pierre Tchounikine,et al.  Flexibility in macro-scripts for CSCL , 2007 .

[38]  Jon Baggaley,et al.  Technical evaluation report 60 : the world-wide inaccessible web, part 1 - browsing , 2007 .

[39]  Jemme Sepich,et al.  Technology in the CLASSroom , 2013 .

[40]  David Bawden,et al.  Information and digital literacies: a review of concepts , 2001, J. Documentation.

[41]  Anil Gurung,et al.  Makers: The New Industrial Revolution , 2014 .

[42]  Heidi Schelhowe,et al.  DIGITAL REALITIES, PHYSICAL ACTION AND DEEP LEARNING FABLABS AS EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS? , 2013 .

[43]  Ferrari Anusca DIGCOMP: A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in Europe. , 2013 .

[44]  Niall Winters,et al.  Design approaches in technology-enhanced learning , 2007, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[45]  James Paul Gee,et al.  What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy , 2007, CIE.

[46]  Li Yuan,et al.  MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education , 2013 .

[47]  E. Goffman Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience , 1974 .

[48]  Osvaldo Rodriguez The concept of openness behind c and x-MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) , 2013 .

[49]  Etienne Wenger,et al.  Communities of practice: A brief introduction , 2009 .

[50]  Caroline Glackin,et al.  Entrepreneurship: Starting and Operating a Small Business , 2006 .

[51]  Valérie Emin,et al.  Stratégies d’élaboration, de partage et de réutilisation de scénarios pédagogiques , 2007 .

[52]  Corinne Büching,et al.  FabLab: Of Machines, Makers and Inventors , 2013 .

[53]  D. Randy Garrison,et al.  Beyond Independence in Distance Education: The Concept of Control , 1987 .

[54]  Jos Boys,et al.  Towards Creative Learning Spaces: Re-thinking the Architecture of Post-Compulsory Education , 2010 .

[55]  Mike Sharples,et al.  Creating Personal Meaning through Technology-Supported Science Inquiry Learning across Formal and Informal Settings , 2012 .

[56]  C. Osvaldo Rodriguez,et al.  MOOCs and the AI-Stanford Like Courses: Two Successful and Distinct Course Formats for Massive Open Online Courses. , 2012 .

[57]  S. Herring,et al.  Situationally embodied curriculum: Relating formalisms and contexts , 2007 .

[58]  Brock Craft,et al.  Learning Design: reflections on a snapshot of the current landscape , 2012 .

[59]  Helen Timperley,et al.  Teacher professional learning and development: Best evidence synthesis iteration , 2007 .

[60]  Richard Winter,et al.  Professional Competence And Higher Education: The ASSET Programme , 1996 .

[61]  Malcolm McCullough Attention in Urban Foraging , 2013, IxD&A.

[62]  A. Galloway Intimations of everyday life: Ubiquitous computing and the city , 2004 .

[63]  M. Warschauer Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide , 2003 .

[64]  Jenny Hall Interpreting qualitative data , 2010 .

[65]  L. Resnick The 1987 Presidential Address Learning In School and Out , 1987 .

[66]  Georgina May Henricksen An examination of the engagement barriers perceived to exist between small firms and graduates , 2012 .

[67]  A. Ferrari Digital Competence in practice: An analysis of frameworks , 2012 .

[68]  Stefanie Zecha Geocaching, a tool to support environmental education!?– An explorative study , 2012 .

[69]  J. Billeter The principles of inclusive design (they include you) , 2014 .

[70]  Warren C. Hope Resolving teachers' concerns about microcomputer technology , 1997 .

[71]  Gerhard Fischer,et al.  Learning Technologies in Support of Self-Directed Learning , 1998 .

[72]  Lee Sheldon,et al.  The Multiplayer Classroom: Designing Coursework as a Game , 2011 .

[73]  Yishay Mor,et al.  A Learning Design Studio in Mobile Learning , 2012, mLearn.

[74]  Philippa Hill,et al.  Online Educational Delivery Models: A Descriptive View , 2012 .

[75]  Diane J. Cook,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Pervasive and Mobile Computing Ambient Intelligence: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities , 2022 .

[76]  Dorothy E. Leidner,et al.  Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues , 2001, MIS Q..

[77]  H. Simon,et al.  The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.) , 1996 .

[78]  Jon Dron,et al.  Control and Constraint in E-learning: Choosing When to Choose , 2007 .

[79]  Dirk Ifenthaler,et al.  The mystery of cognitive structure and how we can detect it: tracking the development of cognitive structures over time , 2011 .

[80]  Martin Ebner,et al.  “Architecture Students Hate Twitter and Love Dropbox” or Does the Field of Study Correlates with Web 2.0 Behavior? , 2013 .

[81]  Yves Punie,et al.  The Future of Learning: Preparing for Change , 2012 .

[82]  Yael Kali,et al.  Helping Education Students Understand Learning through Designing. , 2008 .

[83]  Davinia Hernández Leo,et al.  QuesTInSitu: From tests to routes for assessment in situ activities , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[84]  Teemu Ylikoski,et al.  A new approach for managing university‐workplace partnerships , 2012 .

[85]  J. Brown,et al.  A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change , 2011 .

[86]  Sheila Walbe Ornstein,et al.  Ambiente construido & comportamento: a avaliacao pos-ocupacao e a qualidade ambiental , 1995 .

[87]  Gary S. Stager,et al.  Invent To Learn: Making, Tinkering, and Engineering in the Classroom , 2013 .

[88]  Kirsti Ala-Mutka Mapping Digital Competence: Towards a Conceptual Understanding , 2011 .

[89]  Pia Hurmelinna,et al.  Managing Relationships of the Republic of Science and the Kingdom of Industry. , 2005 .

[90]  Neil Gershenfeld,et al.  FAB: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop--from Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication , 2005 .

[91]  Michael E. Raynor,et al.  The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth , 2003 .

[92]  R. Koenigsgruber,et al.  The Innovative University. Changing the DNA of Higher Education from the Inside Out [Review of: C.M. Christensen, H.J. Eyring (2011) The Innovative University. Changing the DNA of Higher Education from the Inside Out] , 2013 .

[93]  Brett E. Shelton,et al.  Aligning game activity with educational goals: following a constrained design approach to instructional computer games , 2011 .

[94]  P. Tynjälä,et al.  Pedagogical perspectives on the relationships between higher education and working life , 2003 .

[95]  Pertti Alasuutari Researching Culture: Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies , 1995 .

[96]  S. Livingstone The Changing Nature And Uses Of Media Literacy , 2003 .

[97]  J. Daniel,et al.  Making Sense of MOOCs : Musings in a Maze of Myth , Paradox and Possibility Author : , 2013 .

[98]  Jouni Hirvonen,et al.  The Significance of Practical Training in Linking Theoretical Studies with Practice , 2006 .

[99]  Antonio Fini,et al.  The Technological Dimension of a Massive Open Online Course: The Case of the CCK08 Course Tools , 2009 .

[100]  Sean C. Abajian,et al.  Emotive Vocabulary in MOOCs: Context & Participant Retention , 2012 .

[101]  K. Mandroukas,et al.  Classroom furniture dimensions and anthropometric measures in primary school. , 2004, Applied ergonomics.

[102]  Zbigniew Smoreda,et al.  Using mobile phone geolocalisation for ‘socio‐geographical’ analysis of co‐ordination, urban mobilities, and social integration patterns , 2008 .

[103]  David Gijbels,et al.  NEW ASSESSMENT MODES WITHIN PROJECT-BASED EDUCATION - THE STAKEHOLDERS , 2006 .

[104]  Diana G. Oblinger,et al.  Educating the Net Generation , 2005 .

[105]  Shirley Williams,et al.  Use of open educational resources in higher education , 2013, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[106]  Marcelo Milrad,et al.  Mobile learning: small devices, big issues , 2009 .

[107]  Sawyer A. Hunley,et al.  Assessment: The Key to Creating Spaces that Promote Learning. , 2009 .

[108]  María Jesús Rodríguez-Triana,et al.  Monitoring Pattern-Based CSCL Scripts: A Case Study , 2011, EC-TEL.

[109]  Isabel Zorn,et al.  Interessen und Kompetenzen fördern. Programmieren und kreatives Konstruieren , 2013 .

[110]  David Wiley,et al.  A sustainable model for OpenCourseWare development , 2011 .

[111]  Gunther Kress,et al.  Literacy in the New Media Age , 2003 .

[112]  Rob Koper,et al.  Smart Indicators on Learning Interactions , 2007, EC-TEL.

[113]  Michael J. Earl,et al.  Knowledge Management Strategies: Toward a Taxonomy , 2001, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[114]  Chiara Rossitto,et al.  Understanding Trajectories of Experience in Situated Learning Field Trips , 2013, IxD&A.

[115]  Seymour Papert,et al.  Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas , 1981 .

[116]  Joey J. Lee,et al.  Gamification in Education: What, How, Why Bother? , 2011 .

[117]  K. Arrow Higher education as a filter , 1973 .

[118]  Rune Krumsvik,et al.  Situated learning and teachers’ digital competence , 2008, Education and Information Technologies.

[119]  Anil K. Gupta,et al.  Knowledge flows within multinational corporations , 2000 .

[120]  M. Stommel,et al.  Mismatch of classroom furniture and student body dimensions: empirical findings and health implications. , 1999, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[121]  Valérie Emin,et al.  Model and Tool to Clarify Intentions and Strategies in Learning Scenarios Design , 2009, EC-TEL.

[122]  Diana G. Oblinger Leading the Transition from Classrooms to Learning Spaces , 2005 .

[123]  T. Guskey Professional Development in Education: In Search of the Optimal Mix. , 1994 .

[124]  Mark William Johnson,et al.  The Personal Learning Environment and the human condition: from theory to teaching practice , 2008, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[125]  Richard Millwood,et al.  Personalized learning and the Ultraversity experience , 2008, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[126]  Clayton M. Christensen,et al.  Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns , 2008 .

[127]  Jon Dron,et al.  Social Software and the Emergence of Control , 2006, Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT'06).

[128]  Carlos Delgado Kloos,et al.  Multi-channel, multi-objective, multi-context services: The glue of the smart cities learning ecosystem , 2013, IxD&A.

[129]  Diana Laurillard,et al.  The teacher as action researcher: using technology to capture pedagogic form , 2008 .

[130]  Stephen W. Harmon,et al.  A Case Study of Design-Based Research for Creating a Vision Prototype of a Technology-Based Innovative Learning Environment , 2009 .

[131]  D. Kolb Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development , 1983 .

[132]  Roy D. Pea,et al.  Addressing the Challenges of Inquiry-Based Learning Through Technology and Curriculum Design , 1999 .

[133]  Abdulmotaleb El-Saddik,et al.  Serious games , 2011, ACM Multimedia.

[134]  John Banks,et al.  The Uses of Multimedia: Three Digital Literacy Case Studies , 2008 .

[135]  Mohammed Al-Zoube,et al.  E-Learning on the Cloud , 2009, Int. Arab. J. e Technol..

[136]  Auditing Technology Uses within a Global Voluntary Organisation , 2012 .

[137]  Rita Kop,et al.  The Challenges to Connectivist Learning on Open Online Networks: Learning Experiences during a Massive Open Online Course , 2011 .

[138]  Annemarie S. Palincsar,et al.  Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning , 1991 .

[139]  D. Schoen Educating the reflective practitioner , 1987 .