A Comprehensive Review for RPL Routing Protocol in Low Power and Lossy Networks

Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are composed of a large number of nodes which are characterized by limited resources (like energy, memory, processing power, and bandwidth. These nodes are interconnected by lossy links. Therefore, they support low data rates. This leads to an unstable state with relatively low rates of packet delivery. In the beginning 2008, the Internet Engineering team (IETF) working team, named ROLL, investigates to use the existing routing protocol for LLNs, but they found that these protocols were not sufficiently appropriate for LLNs. Due to the important role of the LLNs in the Internet of Things (IoTs), ROLL standardizes a routing solution called IPv6 for LLNs. Therefore, ROLL began to design a new protocol based on IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks named (RPL). It is an IPv6 routing protocol specifically designed for low power and lossy networks (LLN) compliant with the 6LoWPAN protocol. RPL has gained a lot of maturities. It is attracting increasing interest in the research community. RPL is flexible in building the topology. It constructs a topology proactively. Due to the absence of a fully comprehensive review about RPL drive us to introduce this article. Furthermore, this article investigates the most related studies obtained about RPL routing protocol that concern to its implementation, performance, applications evaluation, and improvement. An open research challenges on the RPL design are pointed out. Finally, this survey can support researchers to further understand the RPL and participate to further improve it in the future research works.

[1]  Ahmed Yassin Al-Dubai,et al.  A new enhanced RPL based routing for Internet of Things , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).

[2]  Mukesh Singhal,et al.  An efficient routing algorithm to preserve k\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$k$$\end{document}-coverage , 2013, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[3]  Françoise Sailhan,et al.  Evaluation of energy aware routing metrics for RPL , 2016, 2016 IEEE 12th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob).

[4]  Wajeb Gharibi,et al.  A new efficient objective function for routing in Internet of Things paradigm , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN).

[5]  Abdelfettah Belghith,et al.  EC-MRPL: An energy-efficient and mobility support routing protocol for Internet of Mobile Things , 2017, 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[6]  Marcus Chang,et al.  MoMoRo: Providing Mobility Support for Low-Power Wireless Applications , 2015, IEEE Systems Journal.

[7]  Xing Liu,et al.  Application of Modified RPL Under VANET-WSN Communication Architecture , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences.

[8]  Kris Steenhaut,et al.  Energy balancing RPL-based routing for Internet of Things , 2016, 2016 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Communications and Electronics (ICCE).

[9]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Loop-Free Hybrid Single-Path/Flooding Routing Algorithms with Guaranteed Delivery for Wireless Networks , 2001, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst..

[10]  Kris Steenhaut,et al.  Performance evaluation of multiple RPL routing tree instances for Internet of Things applications , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC).

[11]  Ali Kadhum M. Al-Qurabat,et al.  Adaptive Data Collection protocol for Extending Lifetime of Periodic Sensor Networks , 2017, ICIT 2017.

[12]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  Content centric routing in IoT networks and its integration in RPL , 2016, Comput. Commun..

[13]  Anis Koubaa,et al.  Smart-HOP: A Reliable Handoff Mechanism for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, EWSN.

[14]  Rongxing Lu,et al.  A comprehensive study of RPL and P2P-RPL routing protocols: Implementation, challenges and opportunities , 2016, Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications.

[15]  Philip Levis,et al.  RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2012, RFC.

[16]  C. Adjih,et al.  Mobility Enhanced RPL for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 Third International Conference on The Network of the Future (NOF).

[17]  Lillian L. Dai,et al.  RPL under mobility , 2012, 2012 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC).

[18]  Hassan Harb,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks: A Big Data Source in Internet of Things , 2017 .

[19]  Fabrice Theoleyre,et al.  The Love-Hate Relationship between IEEE 802.15.4 and RPL , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[20]  Teresa Maria Vazão,et al.  Low-power and lossy networks under mobility: A survey , 2016, Comput. Networks.

[21]  B. B. Gupta,et al.  Security in Internet of Things: issues, challenges, taxonomy, and architecture , 2017, Telecommunication Systems.

[22]  Yang Lu,et al.  Is IPv6 a Better Choice to Handle Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013 .

[23]  Peter Han Joo Chong,et al.  An energy-efficient and cluster-parent based RPL with power-level refinement for low-power and lossy networks , 2017, Comput. Commun..

[24]  Raphaël Couturier,et al.  Perimeter-based coverage optimization to improve lifetime in wireless sensor networks , 2016 .

[25]  Pascal Thubert,et al.  Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) , 2012, RFC.

[26]  Jean-Philippe Vasseur,et al.  Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet , 2010 .

[27]  Saewoong Bahk,et al.  Load Balancing Under Heavy Traffic in RPL Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[28]  J. Tripathi.  On Design, Evaluation and Enhancement of IP-Based Routing Solutions for Low Power and Lossy Networks , 2014 .

[29]  Quan Le,et al.  RPL-based multipath Routing Protocols for Internet of Things on Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2014).

[30]  Raphaël Couturier,et al.  Distributed lifetime coverage optimization protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2015, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[31]  Mário Alves,et al.  mRPL: Boosting mobility in the Internet of Things , 2015, Ad Hoc Networks.

[32]  Hassan Harb,et al.  Adaptive distributed energy-saving data gathering technique for wireless sensor networks , 2017, 2017 IEEE 13th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob).

[33]  Ahmad Sharieh,et al.  Solving traveling salesman problem using parallel repetitive nearest neighbor algorithm on OTIS-Hypercube and OTIS-Mesh optoelectronic architectures , 2017, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[34]  Shadi Aljawarneh,et al.  Routing protocol of low-power and lossy network: Survey and open issues , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS).

[35]  Abderrahim Benslimane,et al.  Distributed monitoring in 6LoWPAN based Internet of Things , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile & Wireless Networking (MoWNeT).

[36]  Mauro Conti,et al.  A Novel Distributed Fog-Based Networked Architecture to Preserve Energy in Fog Data Centers , 2017, 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS).

[37]  Fabrice Theoleyre,et al.  Efficient topology construction for RPL over IEEE 802.15.4 in wireless sensor networks , 2014, Ad Hoc Networks.

[38]  Jakob Buron,et al.  Home Automation Routing Requirements in Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2008, RFC.

[39]  Fabrice Theoleyre,et al.  Exploiting multiple parents in RPL to improve both the network lifetime and its stability , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[40]  Peter Han Joo Chong,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Region-Based RPL Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[41]  Anis Koubaa,et al.  RPL in a nutshell: A survey , 2012, Comput. Networks.

[42]  Manuel Ricardo,et al.  Improving the energy efficiency of WSN by using application-layer topologies to constrain RPL-defined routing trees , 2014, 2014 13th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (MED-HOC-NET).

[43]  Raphaël Couturier,et al.  Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2018, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[44]  Mohamed Abid,et al.  Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL , 2015, Ad Hoc Networks.

[45]  Jerald Martocci,et al.  Building Automation Routing Requirements in Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2010, RFC.

[46]  Agnieszka Brachman.  RPL Objective Function Impact on LLNs Topology and Performance , 2013, NEW2AN.

[47]  Djamel Tandjaoui,et al.  Trust-based RPL for the Internet of Things , 2015, 2015 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC).

[48]  Eduardo Tovar,et al.  Co-RPL: RPL routing for mobile low power wireless sensor networks using Corona mechanism , 2014, Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES 2014).

[49]  Gian Pietro Picco,et al.  RPL, the Routing Standard for the Internet of Things . . . Or Is It? , 2016 .

[50]  Tim Winter,et al.  Routing Requirements for Urban Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2009, RFC.