Interactive Learning or Technology Transfer as a Way to Catch‐Up? Analysing the Wind Energy Industry in Denmark and India

This paper uses sectoral systems of innovation framework to examine the relationship between technology policy and industrial development by comparing the emergence of the wind energy industry in Denmark and India. Since the late 1970s Denmark has led the development of a global wind energy industry and in 2004 wind energy supplied 18.8 per cent of Denmark's electricity consumption. India was however a late entrant that managed in a few years to establish itself as the fifth largest producer of wind energy in the world. We suggest that India's unique policy of “interactive learning” with international and especially Danish actors, instead of imitation of foreign technology policies and institutions, was a substantial contributor to India's success in developing their wind energy industry.

[1]  P. David.  Clio and the Economics of QWERTY , 1985 .

[2]  Björn Asheim,et al.  Interactive learning and localised knowledge in globalising learning economies , 1999 .

[3]  V Szabo,et al.  Secondary analysis of qualitative data. , 1997, ANS. Advances in nursing science.

[4]  P. Hinds,et al.  The Possibilities and Pitfalls of Doing a Secondary Analysis of a Qualitative Data Set , 1997 .

[5]  Franco Malerba.  Sectoral systems of innovation: how and why innovation differs across sectors , 2005 .

[6]  Murali Patibandla.  Policy Reforms and Evolution of Market Structure in an Emerging Economy: The Case of India , 2002 .

[7]  B. Lundvall.  Product Innovation and User-Producer Interaction , 1985 .

[8]  M Sandelowski,et al.  "To be of use": enhancing the utility of qualitative research. , 1997, Nursing outlook.

[9]  R. Garud,et al.  Bricolage versus breakthrough: distributed and embedded agency in technology entrepreneurship , 2003 .

[10]  Joseph L. Badaracco,et al.  The knowledge link : how firms compete through strategic alliances / Joseph L. Badaracco, Jr. , 1993 .

[11]  Keith Smith.  New directions in research and technology policy: Identifying the key issues , 1994 .

[12]  J. Heaton.  Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data , 2003 .

[13]  Danish and Dutch wind energy policy 1970–2000: lessons for the future , 2006 .

[14]  Apresentação Paulo Bastos Tigre.  Bengt-Åke Lundvall - Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation , 2009 .

[15]  Franco Malerba,et al.  Sectoral Systems: How and Why Innovation Differs across Sectors , 2006 .

[16]  Peter Maskell,et al.  Firm growth from a knowledge structure perspective , 1999 .

[17]  Sanjaya Lall,et al.  Learning to industrialize , 1987 .

[18]  W. Arthur,et al.  INCREASING RETURNS AND LOCK-IN BY HISTORICAL EVENTS , 1989 .

[19]  Paul A. David,et al.  The explicit economics of knowledge codification and tacitness , 2000 .

[20]  Richard Whitley,et al.  Eastern Asian Enterprise Structures and the Comparative Analysis of Forms of Business Organization , 1990 .

[21]  Bengt-Åke Lundvall,et al.  Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy , 2006 .

[22]  Arie Rip,et al.  Constructing Transition Paths Through the Management of Niches , 2001 .

[23]  C. Edquist.  Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations , 1997 .

[24]  J. Schumpeter.  Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung , 1913 .

[25]  M. Bell.  ‘Learning’ and the Accumulation of Industrial Technological Capacity in Developing Countries , 1984 .

[26]  Nathan Rosenberg,et al.  Inside the black box , 1983 .

[27]  Staffan Jacobsson,et al.  Inducement and blocking mechanisms in the development of a new industry: the case of renewable energy technology in Sweden , 2001 .

[28]  Monica Martinez.  The Learning Economy , 2010 .

[29]  Peter Karnøe,et al.  Technological innovation and industrial organization in the Danish wind industry , 1990 .

[30]  Jesper Lindgaard Christensen,et al.  Product Innovation, Interactive Learning and Economic Performance , 2004 .

[31]  Raghu Garud,et al.  Path Creation as a Process of Mindful Deviation , 2013 .

[32]  B. Lundvall,et al.  International benchmarking as a policy learning tool , 2002 .

[33]  Eleanor H. Finch,et al.  The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy , 1962 .

[34]  W. Bean.  Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy , 1961 .

[35]  F Van Hulle,et al.  Indian wind energy programme: performance and future directions , 1999 .

[36]  Bengt-Åke Lundvall,et al.  National Systems of Innovation: towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning London: Pint , 1995 .

[37]  Shiu F. Wong,et al.  Obliging Institutions and Industry Evolution: A Comparative Study of the German and UK Wind Energy Industries , 2005 .

[38]  D. Foray,et al.  The Economics of Codification and the Diffusion of Knowledge , 1997 .

[39]  Edward Lorenz,et al.  Trust and Economic Learning , 1998 .

[40]  K. Arrow.  The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing , 1962 .

[41]  Kari Kristinsson,et al.  Learning to Grow A Comparative Analysis of the Wind Energy Sector in Denmark and India , 2007 .

[42]  Alice Lam.  Embedded Firms, Embedded Knowledge: Problems of Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer in Global Cooperative Ventures , 1997 .

[43]  S. Breschi,et al.  Knowledge Spillovers And Local Innovation Systems: A Critical Survey , 2001 .

[44]  Innovation, economic progress and the quality of life , 2001 .

[45]  D. North.  Competing Technologies , Increasing Returns , and Lock-In by Historical Events , 1994 .

[46]  Liming Zhao,et al.  International technology transfer: A review , 1990 .

[47]  Joanna I. Lewis,et al.  Fostering a renewable energy technology industry: An international comparison of wind industry policy support mechanisms , 2007 .

[48]  A. Amin,et al.  Organisational Learning and Governance Through Embedded Practices , 2000 .

[49]  M. Polanyi,et al.  Personal Knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy , 1959 .