Topological defect dynamics in operando battery nanoparticles

Watching defects during battery cycling Dislocations affect the mechanical properties of a material. Ulvestad et al. studied the influence of dislocations on a nanoparticle undergoing charge and discharge cycles in a lithium ion battery. The defects influenced the way the material expanded and contracted during cycling. In the future, it may be possible to tune the properties of a material through controlled defect engineering. Science, this issue p. 1344 Coherent x-rays image structural transformations in battery nanoparticles during electrochemical operation. Topological defects can markedly alter nanomaterial properties. This presents opportunities for “defect engineering,” where desired functionalities are generated through defect manipulation. However, imaging defects in working devices with nanoscale resolution remains elusive. We report three-dimensional imaging of dislocation dynamics in individual battery cathode nanoparticles under operando conditions using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging. Dislocations are static at room temperature and mobile during charge transport. During the structural phase transformation, the lithium-rich phase nucleates near the dislocation and spreads inhomogeneously. The dislocation field is a local probe of elastic properties, and we find that a region of the material exhibits a negative Poisson’s ratio at high voltage. Operando dislocation imaging thus opens a powerful avenue for facilitating improvement and rational design of nanostructured materials.

[1]  Kuppan Saravanan,et al.  A study of room-temperature LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 solid solutions , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[2]  Jörg Maser,et al.  Nonequilibrium structural dynamics of nanoparticles in LiNi(1/2)Mn(3/2)O4 cathode under operando conditions. , 2014, Nano letters.

[3]  Ying Shirley Meng,et al.  Single particle nanomechanics in operando batteries via lensless strain mapping. , 2014, Nano letters.

[4]  Karena W. Chapman,et al.  Capturing metastable structures during high-rate cycling of LiFePO4 nanoparticle electrodes , 2014, Science.

[5]  Ying Shirley Meng,et al.  Nanoscale strain mapping in battery nanostructures , 2014 .

[6]  B. Abbey From Grain Boundaries to Single Defects: A Review of Coherent Methods for Materials Imaging in the X-ray Sciences , 2013 .

[7]  Justin S. Wark,et al.  Ultrafast Three-Dimensional Imaging of Lattice Dynamics in Individual Gold Nanocrystals , 2013, Science.

[8]  M. Chi,et al.  Rational defect introduction in silicon nanowires. , 2013, Nano letters.

[9]  Jesse N. Clark,et al.  Coherent diffraction imaging of nanoscale strain evolution in a single crystal under high pressure , 2013, Nature Communications.

[10]  Kazuto Yamauchi,et al.  Bragg x-ray ptychography of a silicon crystal: Visualization of the dislocation strain field and the production of a vortex beam , 2013 .

[11]  A. Sastry,et al.  Molecular Dynamics Simulations of SOC-Dependent Elasticity of LixMn2O4 Spinels in Li-Ion Batteries , 2013 .

[12]  Y. Meng,et al.  Effect of Ni/Mn Ordering on Elementary Polarizations of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Spinel and Its Nanostructured Electrode , 2013 .

[13]  R Harder,et al.  High-resolution three-dimensional partially coherent diffraction imaging , 2012, Nature Communications.

[14]  Hsiao-Ying Shadow Huang,et al.  Dislocation Based Stress Developments in Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2012 .

[15]  M. Fichtner Nanoconfinement effects in energy storage materials. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[16]  R. Lakes,et al.  Poisson's ratio and modern materials , 2011, Nature Materials.

[17]  B. Xu,et al.  Factors affecting Li mobility in spinel LiMn2O4—A first-principles study by GGA and GGA+U methods , 2010 .

[18]  Y. Meng,et al.  Electronic, Structural, and Electrochemical Properties of LiNixCuyMn2–x–yO4 (0 < x < 0.5, 0 < y < 0.5) High-Voltage Spinel Materials , 2010 .

[19]  L. Carr,et al.  Defect engineering: Graphene gets designer defects. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[20]  F. Aguesse,et al.  Molecular Auxetic Behavior of Epitaxial Co‐Ferrite Spinel Thin Film , 2010 .

[21]  Ian K Robinson,et al.  Longitudinal coherence function in X-ray imaging of crystals. , 2009, Optics express.

[22]  R. Huggins Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects , 2008 .

[23]  W. Shyy,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Intercalation-Induced Stress in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Particles , 2007 .

[24]  J. Newman,et al.  A mathematical model of stress generation and fracture in lithium manganese oxide , 2006 .

[25]  F. Yakhou,et al.  Charge density wave dislocation as revealed by coherent x-ray diffraction. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[26]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Lithium batteries and cathode materials. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[27]  C. Yoon,et al.  Comparative Study of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-δ and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathodes Having Two Crystallographic Structures: Fd3̄m and P4332 , 2004 .

[28]  Henning Friis Poulsen,et al.  Three-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy , 2004 .

[29]  M. Hÿtch,et al.  Measurement of the displacement field of dislocations to 0.03 Å by electron microscopy , 2003, Nature.

[30]  I. Robinson,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging of microstructure in Au nanocrystals. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[31]  Michel Schlenker,et al.  Quantitative phase contrast tomography using coherent synchrotron radiation , 2002, Optics + Photonics.

[32]  M. Armand,et al.  Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries , 2001, Nature.

[33]  Anton Van der Ven,et al.  Phase transformations and volume changes in spinel LixMn2O4 , 2000 .

[34]  K. Evans,et al.  Auxetic Materials : Functional Materials and Structures from Lateral Thinking! , 2000 .

[35]  A. R. Lang,et al.  Synchrotron x-ray reticulography: principles and applications , 1999 .

[36]  Young-Il Jang,et al.  TEM Study of Electrochemical Cycling‐Induced Damage and Disorder in LiCoO2 Cathodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 1999 .

[37]  C. Dollins Nucleation on dislocations , 1970 .

[38]  J. Newkirk Method for the Detection of Dislocations in Silicon by X-Ray Extinction Contrast , 1958 .

[39]  A. R. Lang Direct Observation of Individual Dislocations by X‐Ray Diffraction , 1958 .

[40]  G. N. Ramachandran X-Ray topographs of diamond , 1944 .