Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses

SUMMARY Electron microscopy, considered by some to be an old technique, is still on the forefront of both clinical viral diagnoses and viral ultrastructure and pathogenesis studies. In the diagnostic setting, it is particularly valuable in the surveillance of emerging diseases and potential bioterrorism viruses. In the research arena, modalities such as immunoelectron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, and electron tomography have demonstrated how viral structural components fit together, attach to cells, assimilate during replication, and associate with the cellular machinery during replication and egression. These studies provide information for treatment and vaccine strategies.

[1]  D. Howell,et al.  Diagnosis of Polyomavirus Nephritis:: A Correlative Approach , 2002 .

[2]  S. Xie,et al.  Probing the Structure of the Sars Coronavirus Using Scanning Electron Microscopy , 2003, Antiviral therapy.

[3]  K. Johnson,et al.  ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERISATION OF A NEW VIRUS CAUSING ACUTE HÆMORRHAGIC FEVER IN ZAIRE , 1977, The Lancet.

[4]  R. Levenson,et al.  Identification of focal viral infections by confocal microscopy for subsequent ultrastructural analysis. , 1997, Ultrastructural pathology.

[5]  F. Homa,et al.  Assembly of the Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid: Identification of Soluble Scaffold-Portal Complexes and Their Role in Formation of Portal-Containing Capsids , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[6]  P. Pantelidis,et al.  Monitoring the progress of BK virus associated nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. , 2004, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[7]  A. Gould,et al.  FIRST IDENTIFICATION OF A RANAVIRUS FROM GREEN PYTHONS (CHONDROPYTHON VIRIDIS) , 2002, Journal of wildlife diseases.

[8]  Sara E. Miller,et al.  TEM of Tissue from Paraffin-Embedded H&E-Stained Sections for Viral Diagnosis (An Unusual Papovavirus Case) , 2005, Microscopy and Microanalysis.

[9]  V. Madden,et al.  Presence of urinary Haufen accurately predicts polyomavirus nephropathy. , 2009, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[10]  R G Wyatt,et al.  Visualization by Immune Electron Microscopy of a 27-nm Particle Associated with Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis , 1972, Journal of virology.

[11]  M. Jackson,et al.  Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings 2007. , 2007 .

[12]  G. Lloyd,et al.  VIRAL HÆMORRHAGIC FEVER IN SOUTHERN SUDAN AND NORTHERN ZAIRE Preliminary Studies on the Aetiological Agent , 1977, The Lancet.

[13]  E. Palmer,et al.  An atlas of mammalian viruses , 1982 .

[14]  J. Guarner,et al.  Monkeypox Transmission and Pathogenesis in Prairie Dogs , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[15]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses , 1984, Nature.

[16]  W. Siegert,et al.  Detection of human polyomaviruses in urine from bone marrow transplant patients: comparison of electron microscopy with PCR. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[17]  K. Chua,et al.  Role of electron microscopy in Nipah virus outbreak investigation and control. , 2007, The Medical journal of Malaysia.

[18]  P. Jahrling,et al.  Association of Ebola-related Reston virus particles and antigen with tissue lesions of monkeys imported to the United States. , 1992, Journal of comparative pathology.

[19]  Jun Liu,et al.  Electron tomography of viruses. , 2007, Current opinion in structural biology.

[20]  P. Jahrling,et al.  Detection and identification of Variola virus in fixed human tissue after prolonged archival storage , 2004, Laboratory Investigation.

[21]  B. Parekh,et al.  Root cause investigation of a viral contamination incident occurred during master cell bank (MCB) testing and characterization--a case study. , 2008, Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization.

[22]  J. A. Comer,et al.  A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  P. Coursaget,et al.  Production of recombinant virus-like particles from human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, and study of serological reactivities between HPV 6, 11, 16 and 45 by ELISA: implications for papillomavirus prevention and detection. , 1998, FEMS microbiology letters.

[24]  S. Provencher,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of disordered specimens. I. Method. , 1988, Ultramicroscopy.

[25]  A. Noonan,et al.  Two-hour embedding procedure for intracellular detection of viruses by electron microscopy. , 1974, Applied microbiology.

[26]  M. Landry,et al.  Hsiung's Diagnostic Virology: As Illustrated by Light and Electron Microscopy , 1994 .

[27]  P. Woolcock,et al.  Electron Microscopic Identification of Viruses Associated with Poult Enteritis in Turkeys Grown in California 1993–2003 , 2008, Avian diseases.

[28]  E. Mundt,et al.  Identification and ultrastructural characterization of a novel virus from fish. , 2001, The Journal of general virology.

[29]  Reagan Rl,et al.  Morphological observations by electron microscopy of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus after propagation in the Swiss albino mouse. , 1952 .

[30]  Arjun Srinivasan,et al.  Transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by organ transplantation. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[31]  T. F. Anderson,et al.  A STUDY BY MEANS OF THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF THE REACTION BETWEEN TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND ITS ANTISERUM , 1941 .

[32]  C. Van Rooyen,et al.  Smallpox diagnosis with special reference to electron microscopy. , 1948, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[33]  J. Derbyshire.  ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY. A PRACTICAL GUIDE AND ATLAS , 1988 .

[34]  H. Schätzl,et al.  Vaccination with prion peptide‐displaying papillomavirus‐like particles induces autoantibodies to normal prion protein that interfere with pathologic prion protein production in infected cells , 2007, The FEBS Journal.

[35]  J. P. Davis,et al.  The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[36]  Benes L. Trus,et al.  Novel structural features of bovine papillomavirus capsid revealed by a three-dimensional reconstruction to 9 Å resolution , 1997, Nature Structural Biology.

[37]  J. Sundberg,et al.  Trichodysplasia spinulosa--a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host. , 1999, The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings.

[38]  J. A. Jerez,et al.  Identification of a bisegmented double-stranded RNA virus (picobirnavirus) in calf faeces. , 2003, Veterinary journal.

[39]  P. Coursaget,et al.  In vitro gene transfer using human papillomavirus-like particles. , 1998, Nucleic acids research.

[40]  H. Koprowski,et al.  Studies with the electron microscope of virus-host relationships in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. II. The localization and possible development of anopheles A virus within the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. , 1955, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[41]  R. Reagan,et al.  Morphological observations by electron microscopy of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus after propagation in the Swiss albino mouse. , 1952, Texas reports on biology and medicine.

[42]  Paul E. Swanson,et al.  Microwave Cookbook for Microscopists: Art and Science of Visualization , 1993 .

[43]  A. Shepherd,et al.  Characterisation of endogenous retrovirus in rodent cell lines used for production of biologicals. , 2003, Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization.

[44]  F. Murphy.  Arenavirus taxonomy: a review. , 1975, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[45]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Combining X-Ray Crystallography and Electron Microscopy , 2005, Structure.

[46]  Claude M. Fauquet,et al.  The classification and nomenclature of viruses , 1976, Archives of Virology.

[47]  C. Vaquero,et al.  Immunolocalization studies of an antisense protein in HIV-1-infected cells and viral particles. , 2002, Virology.

[48]  J. Almeida,et al.  Antibody to wart virus in human sera demonstrated by electron microscopy and precipitin tests. , 1965, Lancet.

[49]  D. Pickup,et al.  Identification of the Orthopoxvirus p4c Gene, Which Encodes a Structural Protein That Directs Intracellular Mature Virus Particles into A-Type Inclusions , 2002, Journal of Virology.

[50]  M. S. Chapman,et al.  Adeno-associated virus-2 and its primary cellular receptor--Cryo-EM structure of a heparin complex. , 2009, Virology.

[51]  P. Jahrling,et al.  The Pathology of Experimental Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) , 2001, Laboratory Investigation.

[52]  Christian Drosten,et al.  Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[53]  S. Miller.  Detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy , 2005, Journal of electron microscopy technique.

[54]  H. Gelderblom,et al.  Electron microscopy for rapid diagnosis of infectious agents in emergent situations. , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[55]  S. E. Miller,et al.  A direct comparison of procedures for the detection of mycoplasma in tissue culture. , 1980, Journal of immunological methods.

[56]  S. E. Miller,et al.  Diagnosis and management of BK polyomavirus interstitial nephritis in renal transplant recipients. , 1999, Transplantation.

[57]  H. Koprowski,et al.  STUDIES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS , 1955, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[58]  P. Piot,et al.  ISOLATION OF MARBURG-LIKE VIRUS FROM A CASE OF HÆMORRHAGIC FEVER IN ZAIRE , 1977, The Lancet.

[59]  P. Woolcock,et al.  Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. , 2001, The Journal of general virology.

[60]  K. Fujii,et al.  Assembly and Budding of Ebolavirus , 2006, PLoS pathogens.

[61]  E. Palmer,et al.  Electron Microscopy in Viral Diagnosis , 1988 .

[62]  Sriram Subramaniam,et al.  Electron Tomography of the Contact between T Cells and SIV/HIV-1: Implications for Viral Entry , 2007, PLoS pathogens.

[63]  I. Bayer-Garner,et al.  Monkeypox virus: histologic, immunohistochemical and electron‐microscopic findings , 2005, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[64]  A. Dalton,et al.  Ultrastructure of animal viruses and bacteriophages : an atlas , 1973 .

[65]  B. Haynes,et al.  Induction of Plasma (TRAIL), TNFR-2, Fas Ligand, and Plasma Microparticles after Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transmission: Implications for HIV-1 Vaccine Design , 2008, Journal of Virology.

[66]  K Foucar,et al.  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Pathogenesis of an Emerging Infectious Disease , 1995 .

[67]  Wesley I. Sundquist,et al.  Functional Surfaces of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Protein , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[68]  Valery A Petrenko,et al.  Detection of biological threats. A challenge for directed molecular evolution. , 2004, Journal of microbiological methods.

[69]  C. Goldsmith,et al.  Ultrastructure of Hendra virus and Nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals. , 2001, Microbes and infection.

[70]  P. Teunis,et al.  Norwalk virus: How infectious is it? , 2008, Journal of medical virology.

[71]  B. Cant,et al.  PARVOVIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN HUMAN SERA , 1975, The Lancet.

[72]  K. Terio,et al.  Identification and isolation of a novel herpesvirus in a captive mob of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) , 2007, Veterinary Microbiology.

[73]  S. E. Miller,et al.  Generation of reovirus core-like particles in cells infected with hybrid vaccinia viruses that express genome segments L1, L2, L3, and S2. , 1993, Virology.

[74]  Vinod Chandran,et al.  Identification of gastroenteric viruses by electron microscopy using higher order spectral features. , 2005, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[75]  M. Jackson,et al.  2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings , 2007, American Journal of Infection Control.

[76]  A. Welch.  Purification, morphology and partial characterization of a reovirus-like agent associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. , 1971, Canadian journal of comparative medicine : Revue canadienne de medecine comparee.

[77]  Some implications of a morphologically oriented classification of viruses , 2005, Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung.

[78]  C. Söderberg-Nauclér,et al.  Identification and classification of human cytomegalovirus capsids in textured electron micrographs using deformed template matching , 2006, Virology Journal.

[79]  A. Hyatt,et al.  Ultrastructure of equine morbillivirus. , 1996, Virus research.

[80]  P. Jahrling,et al.  Differentiation of filoviruses by electron microscopy. , 1995, Virus research.

[81]  C. Goldsmith,et al.  Ultrastructural characteristics of Sin Nombre virus, causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome , 2005, Archives of Virology.

[82]  H. Ruska,et al.  Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop , 1939, Naturwissenschaften.

[83]  E. Mundt,et al.  Pseudorabies Virus UL37 Gene Product Is Involved in Secondary Envelopment , 2001, Journal of Virology.

[84]  G. Pauli,et al.  Pitfalls in diagnosing human poxvirus infections. , 2007, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[85]  G. Sapiro,et al.  Molecular architecture of native HIV-1 gp120 trimers , 2008, Nature.

[86]  Sara E Miller,et al.  Bioterrorism and Electron Microscopic Differentiation of Poxviruses from Herpesviruses: Dos and Don'ts , 2003, Ultrastructural pathology.

[87]  M. V. Regenmortel,et al.  Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. , 2000 .

[88]  S. Provencher,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of disordered specimens. II. Implementation and results. , 1988, Ultramicroscopy.

[89]  Y. Modis,et al.  Atomic model of the papillomavirus capsid , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[90]  J. Maniloff,et al.  Virus taxonomy : eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , 2005 .

[91]  E. Lennette,et al.  Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections , 1989 .

[92]  P. Roingeard.  Viral detection by electron microscopy: past, present and future , 2008, Biology of the cell.

[93]  V. Madden,et al.  Negative-staining Electron Microscopy of the Urine for the Detection of Polyomavirus Infections , 2006, Ultrastructural pathology.

[94]  G. Rake,et al.  The Use of the Electron Microscope in Diagnosis of Variola, Vaccinia, and Varicella , 1948, Journal of bacteriology.