NMR of hyperpolarised probes

Increasing the sensitivity of NMR experiments is an ongoing field of research to help realise the exquisite molecular specificity of this technique. Hyperpolarisation of various nuclei is a powerful approach that enables the use of NMR for molecular and cellular imaging. Substantial progress has been achieved over recent years in terms of both tracer preparation and detection schemes. This review summarises recent developments in probe design and optimised signal encoding, and promising results in sensitive disease detection and efficient therapeutic monitoring. The different methods have great potential to provide molecular specificity not available by other diagnostic modalities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  A. Sherry,et al.  DNP by thermal mixing under optimized conditions yields >60,000-fold enhancement of 89Y NMR signal. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  B. Brandt,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization of small labelled molecules in frozen water–alcohol solutions , 2008 .

[3]  J. Brookeman,et al.  XTC MRI: Sensitivity improvement through parameter optimization , 2007, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[4]  C. Bowers Sensitivity Enhancement Utilizing Parahydrogen , 2007 .

[5]  John Kurhanewicz,et al.  Analysis of cancer metabolism by imaging hyperpolarized nuclei: prospects for translation to clinical research. , 2011, Neoplasia.

[6]  John V Frangioni,et al.  The Problem is Background, not Signal , 2009, Molecular imaging.

[7]  R. Gobetto,et al.  Para-hydrogenated glucose derivatives as potential 13C-hyperpolarized probes for magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  Rolf Gruetter,et al.  Hyperpolarized lithium‐6 as a sensor of nanomolar contrast agents , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[9]  Ferdia A Gallagher,et al.  A comparison between radiolabeled fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and hyperpolarized (13)C-labeled pyruvate utilization as methods for detecting tumor response to treatment. , 2009, Neoplasia.

[10]  Zoltán Kovács,et al.  Hyperpolarized 89Y complexes as pH sensitive NMR probes. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[11]  M. Levitt Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 2001 .

[12]  Michael Lustig,et al.  3D compressed sensing for highly accelerated hyperpolarized 13C MRSI with in vivo applications to transgenic mouse models of cancer , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[13]  B D Ross,et al.  Hyperpolarized MR Imaging: Neurologic Applications of Hyperpolarized Metabolism , 2010, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[14]  W. Perman,et al.  Quality assurance of PASADENA hyperpolarization for 13C biomolecules , 2009, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[15]  Neil Clarke,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization polarizer for sterile use intent , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[16]  I. Dmochowski,et al.  Designing 129Xe NMR biosensors for matrix metalloproteinase detection. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  H. Spiess,et al.  Proton magnetic resonance imaging with para-hydrogen induced polarization. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[18]  Daniel P. Weitekamp,et al.  Parahydrogen and synthesis allow dramatically enhanced nuclear alignment , 1987 .

[19]  L. Mitschang,et al.  A xenon-129 biosensor for monitoring MHC-peptide interactions. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  L. Schröder Xenon for NMR biosensing--inert but alert. , 2013, Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics.

[21]  Pernille R. Jensen,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of pH in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled bicarbonate , 2008, Nature.

[22]  Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen,et al.  Metabolic imaging by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. , 2006, Cancer research.

[23]  G. K. Walters,et al.  POLARIZATION OF He$sup 3$ GAS BY OPTICAL PUMPING , 1963 .

[24]  B. Ross,et al.  Parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) hyperpolarized MR receptor imaging in vivo: a pilot study of 13C imaging of atheroma in mice , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[25]  I. Ruset,et al.  Optical pumping system design for large production of hyperpolarized. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[26]  Charles H Cunningham,et al.  Spectral–spatial excitation for rapid imaging of DNP compounds , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[27]  C. James,et al.  Detection of early response to temozolomide treatment in brain tumors using hyperpolarized 13C MR metabolic imaging , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[28]  V. Sen',et al.  Spin-labeled heparins as polarizing agents for dynamic nuclear polarization. , 2010, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[29]  J. Dutasta,et al.  A sensitive zinc-activated 129Xe MRI probe. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[30]  G Wilson Miller,et al.  Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of ventilation distribution and gas uptake in the human lung using hyperpolarized xenon-129 , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[31]  Songi Han,et al.  Spin-labeled gel for the production of radical-free dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced molecules for NMR spectroscopy and imaging. , 2008, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[32]  T. Walker,et al.  Spin-exchange optical pumping of noble-gas nuclei , 1997 .

[33]  J S Petersson,et al.  Molecular imaging using hyperpolarized 13C. , 2003, The British journal of radiology.

[34]  D. Goldfarb,et al.  Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in the solid state: a transition between the cross effect and the solid effect. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[35]  Zoltan Kovacs,et al.  Hyperpolarized (89)Y offers the potential of direct imaging of metal ions in biological systems by magnetic resonance. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  K. Brindle,et al.  Probing Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Tumors by Measuring Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange in Hyperpolarized l-[1-13C,U-2H]Lactate , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  I. Koptyug,et al.  New perspectives for parahydrogen-induced polarization in liquid phase heterogeneous hydrogenation: an aqueous phase and ALTADENA study. , 2010, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[38]  Martin O Leach,et al.  Therapeutic target metabolism observed using hyperpolarized 15N choline. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  R. Gobetto,et al.  Effect of low and zero magnetic field on the hyperpolarization lifetime in parahydrogenated perdeuterated molecules. , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[40]  P. Larson,et al.  Multi-band frequency encoding method for metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[41]  U. Günther,et al.  Dynamic nuclear hyperpolarization in liquids. , 2013, Topics in current chemistry.

[42]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Kinetics of yttrium-ligand complexation monitored using hyperpolarized (89)Y as a model for gadolinium in contrast agents. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  D G Cory,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization in silicon microparticles. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[44]  H. Jóhannesson,et al.  Parahydrogen‐induced polarization in imaging: Subsecond 13C angiography , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[45]  K. Uffmann,et al.  Producing over 100 ml of highly concentrated hyperpolarized solution by means of dissolution DNP. , 2008, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[46]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Long-lived states to sustain hyperpolarized magnetization , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[47]  Lucio Frydman,et al.  Dissolution DNP NMR with solvent mixtures: substrate concentration and radical extraction. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[48]  Leif Schröder,et al.  Temperature response of 129Xe depolarization transfer and its application for ultrasensitive NMR detection. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[49]  Sarah E Bohndiek,et al.  Production of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]malate from [1,4-13C2]fumarate is a marker of cell necrosis and treatment response in tumors , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[50]  Ilwoo Park,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance metabolic imaging: application to brain tumors. , 2010, Neuro-oncology.

[51]  Simon Hu,et al.  Investigating tumor perfusion and metabolism using multiple hyperpolarized (13)C compounds: HP001, pyruvate and urea. , 2012, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[52]  W. Price,et al.  Spin dynamics: Basics of nuclear magnetic resonance, 2nd edition. , 2009 .

[53]  A. Pines,et al.  Temperature-controlled molecular depolarization gates in nuclear magnetic resonance. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[54]  Rolf Gruetter,et al.  Scavenging free radicals to preserve enhancement and extend relaxation times in NMR using dynamic nuclear polarization. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[55]  J. Dutasta,et al.  Cryptophanes and their complexes--present and future. , 2009, Chemical reviews.

[56]  K. D. Atkinson,et al.  Para-hydrogen induced polarization without incorporation of para-hydrogen into the analyte. , 2009, Inorganic chemistry.

[57]  I. Dmochowski,et al.  Functionalized 129Xe contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[58]  W. Perman,et al.  PASADENA hyperpolarization of 13C biomolecules: equipment design and installation , 2009, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[59]  A. Pines,et al.  Xenon-based molecular sensors in lipid suspensions. , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[60]  T. Nakada,et al.  Promising application of dynamic nuclear polarization for in vivo (13)C MR imaging. , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

[61]  S. Duckett,et al.  A theoretical basis for spontaneous polarization transfer in non-hydrogenative parahydrogen-induced polarization. , 2009, The Journal of chemical physics.

[62]  A. Pines,et al.  MRI thermometry based on encapsulated hyperpolarized xenon. , 2010, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[63]  R. Griffin,et al.  High-Field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Solid and Solution Biological NMR , 2008, Applied magnetic resonance.

[64]  F. Gallagher,et al.  Imaging pH with hyperpolarized 13C , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[65]  John Kurhanewicz,et al.  Hyperpolarized [2-13C]-fructose: a hemiketal DNP substrate for in vivo metabolic imaging. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[66]  Kevin Brindle,et al.  New approaches for imaging tumour responses to treatment , 2008, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[67]  R. Lenkinski,et al.  Deuteration of a molecular probe for DNP hyperpolarization--a new approach and validation for choline chloride. , 2011, Contrast media & molecular imaging.

[68]  Songi Han,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization of 13C in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[69]  Oskar Axelsson,et al.  Hyperpolarization of 13C through order transfer from parahydrogen: a new contrast agent for MRI. , 2005, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[70]  J. Ardenkjær-Larsen,et al.  Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of > 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  Hiroto Hatabu,et al.  Hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI: a viable functional lung imaging modality? , 2007, European journal of radiology.

[72]  A. Haase,et al.  Effects of pyruvate dose on in vivo metabolism and quantification of hyperpolarized 13C spectra , 2012, NMR in biomedicine.

[73]  Brandon D. Armstrong,et al.  Hyperpolarized water as an authentic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[74]  Peter Magnusson,et al.  13C imaging—a new diagnostic platform , 2005, European Radiology.

[75]  E. Brunner,et al.  Optimization of continuous flow pump cells used for the production of hyperpolarized 129Xe: A theoretical study , 2007 .

[76]  Lars E Olsson,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C MR angiography using trueFISP , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[77]  A. Overhauser Polarization of Nuclei in Metals , 1953 .

[78]  Warren S. Warren,et al.  Increasing Hyperpolarized Spin Lifetimes Through True Singlet Eigenstates , 2009, Science.

[79]  David Sidransky,et al.  Emerging molecular markers of cancer , 2002, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[80]  A. Pines,et al.  Functionalized xenon as a biosensor , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[81]  Rolf Gruetter,et al.  Proton NMR of (15)N-choline metabolites enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[82]  S. N. Bhatia,et al.  Hyperpolarized Long-T1 Silicon Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2009, 0902.0269.

[83]  Kent Harris,et al.  PASADENA hyperpolarization of succinic acid for MRI and NMR spectroscopy. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[84]  A. Pines,et al.  HyperCEST detection of a 129Xe‐based contrast agent composed of cryptophane‐A molecular cages on a bacteriophage scaffold , 2013, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[85]  J. Aguilar,et al.  Selective detection of hyperpolarized NMR signals derived from para-hydrogen using the Only Para-hydrogen SpectroscopY (OPSY) approach. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[86]  A. Pines,et al.  para-Hydrogen-induced polarization in heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[87]  R. Gobetto,et al.  How to design 13C para-hydrogen-induced polarization experiments for MRI applications. , 2011, Contrast media & molecular imaging.

[88]  Matthew S Rosen,et al.  Silicon nanoparticles as hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging agents. , 2009, ACS nano.

[89]  Marina Carravetta,et al.  Beyond the T1 limit: singlet nuclear spin states in low magnetic fields. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[90]  G. Radda,et al.  Determining the in vivo regulation of cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase based on label flux from hyperpolarised [1‐13C]pyruvate , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[91]  Brian D Ross,et al.  Towards hyperpolarized (13)C-succinate imaging of brain cancer. , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[92]  F. Gallagher,et al.  Tumor imaging using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[93]  J. Mugler,et al.  Multiple‐exchange‐time xenon polarization transfer contrast (MXTC) MRI: Initial results in animals and healthy volunteers , 2012, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[94]  Peter Bachert,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of airways in humans with use of hyperpolarized 3He , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[95]  G Allan Johnson,et al.  Imaging alveolar–capillary gas transfer using hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[96]  Bowers,et al.  Transformation of symmetrization order to nuclear-spin magnetization by chemical reaction and nuclear magnetic resonance. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[97]  Xin Zhou Hyperpolarized noble gases as contrast agents. , 2011, Methods in molecular biology.

[98]  M. Barlow,et al.  Interdependence of in-cell xenon density and temperature during Rb/129Xe spin-exchange optical pumping using VHG-narrowed laser diode arrays. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[99]  E. D. Melnik,et al.  Wavelength stabilization and spectrum narrowing of high-power multimode laser diodes and arrays by use of volume Bragg gratings. , 2004, Optics letters.

[100]  Patrick Berthault,et al.  Effect of pH and counterions on the encapsulation properties of xenon in water-soluble cryptophanes. , 2010, Chemistry.

[101]  J. Bargon,et al.  Transfer of parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization to 19F. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[102]  Adam B Kerr,et al.  Investigation of tumor hyperpolarized [1‐13C]‐pyruvate dynamics using time‐resolved multiband RF excitation echo‐planar MRSI , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[103]  J. Dutasta,et al.  Cell uptake of a biosensor detected by hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR: the transferrin case. , 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[104]  H. Desvaux,et al.  Biosensing using laser-polarized xenon NMR/MRI , 2009 .

[105]  Christian Hilty,et al.  Molecular Imaging Using a Targeted Magnetic Resonance Hyperpolarized Biosensor , 2006, Science.

[106]  C. Cunningham,et al.  Spin tagging for hyperpolarized ¹³C metabolic studies. , 2012, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[107]  J. Ardenkjaer-Larsen,et al.  Hyperpolarized molecules in solution. , 2011, Methods in molecular biology.

[108]  J P Mugler,et al.  Probing lung physiology with xenon polarization transfer contrast (XTC) , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[109]  J. Aguilar,et al.  Only para-hydrogen spectroscopy (OPSY), a technique for the selective observation of para-hydrogen enhanced NMR signals. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[110]  W. Happer,et al.  Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe , 1994, Nature.

[111]  A. Sherry,et al.  Transfer of hyperpolarization from long T1 storage nuclei to short T1 neighbors using FLOPSY-8. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[112]  F. Gallagher,et al.  Detection of Tumor Response to a Vascular Disrupting Agent by Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , 2010, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[113]  M. Barlow,et al.  Generation of laser-polarized xenon using fiber-coupled laser-diode arrays narrowed with integrated volume holographic gratings. , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[114]  H. Desvaux,et al.  Sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities of MRI based on polarized 129Xe biosensors. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[115]  Simon Hu,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopic imaging informs on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and myc activity downstream of platelet-derived growth factor receptor. , 2010, Cancer research.

[116]  J. Ardenkjaer-Larsen,et al.  Applications of hyperpolarized agents in solutions. , 2011, Methods in molecular biology.

[117]  Louis-S. Bouchard,et al.  NMR Imaging of Catalytic Hydrogenation in Microreactors with the Use of para-Hydrogen , 2008, Science.

[118]  C. Malloy,et al.  Could 13C MRI assist clinical decision‐making for patients with heart disease? , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[119]  I. Dmochowski,et al.  Peptide-mediated cellular uptake of cryptophane. , 2008, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[120]  E E de Lange,et al.  MR imaging and spectroscopy using hyperpolarized 129Xe gas: Preliminary human results , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[121]  R. Gruetter,et al.  Localized in vivo hyperpolarization transfer sequences , 2012, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[122]  James B. Mitchell,et al.  Transient decrease in tumor oxygenation after intravenous administration of pyruvate , 2012, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[123]  T. Budinger,et al.  NMR of laser-polarized xenon in human blood. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[124]  Silvio Aime,et al.  Advances in bio-imaging: a survey from WWMR 2010. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[125]  K. Brindle,et al.  Hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization. , 2012, Cancer research.

[126]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Proton hyperpolarisation preserved in long-lived states. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[127]  V. Daniele,et al.  Use of labile precursors for the generation of hyperpolarized molecules from hydrogenation with parahydrogen and aqueous-phase extraction. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[128]  M. Carrière,et al.  Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR signature of living biological cells , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[129]  K. D. Atkinson,et al.  Reversible Interactions with para-Hydrogen Enhance NMR Sensitivity by Polarization Transfer , 2009, Science.

[130]  Minutes,et al.  MOLECULAR IMAGING IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT , 2003 .

[131]  Albert P. Chen,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C lactate, pyruvate, and alanine: noninvasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and grading. , 2008, Cancer research.

[132]  J. Bernarding,et al.  Hyperpolarized 19F-MRI: parahydrogen-induced polarization and field variation enable 19F-MRI at low spin density. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[133]  B. Ross,et al.  Real-time molecular imaging of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism in vivo by hyperpolarized 1-(13)C diethyl succinate. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[134]  Y. Yen,et al.  Quantification of in vivo metabolic kinetics of hyperpolarized pyruvate in rat kidneys using dynamic 13C MRSI , 2011, NMR in biomedicine.

[135]  John Kurhanewicz,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C dehydroascorbate as an endogenous redox sensor for in vivo metabolic imaging , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[136]  James B. Mitchell,et al.  Detecting response of rat C6 glioma tumors to radiotherapy using hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[137]  Origin of dissolved-phase hyperpolarized 129Xe signal in the mouse chest based on experimental evidence from extensive magnetic resonance measurements. , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

[138]  V. Bajaj,et al.  A xenon-based molecular sensor assembled on an MS2 viral capsid scaffold. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[139]  D. Christianson,et al.  Cryptophane xenon-129 nuclear magnetic resonance biosensors targeting human carbonic anhydrase. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[140]  R. Gruetter,et al.  Feasibility of in vivo 15N MRS detection of hyperpolarized 15N labeled choline in rats. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[141]  R. Gruetter,et al.  Hyperpolarizing gases via dynamic nuclear polarization and sublimation. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[142]  M. Goldman,et al.  Conversion of a proton pair para order into 13C polarization by rf irradiation, for use in MRI , 2005 .

[143]  L. V. Søgaard,et al.  Imaging Cerebral 2-Ketoisocaproate Metabolism with Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging , 2012, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[144]  Jürgen Hennig,et al.  Fast multiecho balanced SSFP metabolite mapping of 1H and hyperpolarized 13C compounds , 2009, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[145]  Brian D Ross,et al.  Continuous flow Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of water in the fringe field of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system for authentic image contrast. , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[146]  T. Delair,et al.  A cryptophane biosensor for the detection of specific nucleotide targets through xenon NMR spectroscopy. , 2007, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[147]  Jan Wolber,et al.  Detecting tumor response to treatment using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[148]  J. Bernarding,et al.  Understanding the leaching properties of heterogenized catalysts: a combined solid-state and PHIP NMR study. , 2010, Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance.

[149]  J. Ardenkjaer-Larsen,et al.  Measurements of the persistent singlet state of N2O in blood and other solvents—Potential as a magnetic tracer , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[150]  Warren S Warren,et al.  Molecular MRI for sensitive and specific detection of lung metastases , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[151]  M. Lustig,et al.  Fast dynamic 3D MR spectroscopic imaging with compressed sensing and multiband excitation pulses for hyperpolarized 13C studies , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[152]  Albert P. Chen,et al.  Simultaneous investigation of cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase flux, Krebs cycle metabolism and pH, using hyperpolarized [1,2‐13C2]pyruvate in vivo , 2012, NMR in biomedicine.

[153]  Kristen Scott,et al.  Hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopic imaging can be used to monitor Everolimus treatment in vivo in an orthotopic rodent model of glioblastoma , 2012, NeuroImage.

[154]  M. Kunth,et al.  Optimized use of reversible binding for fast and selective NMR localization of caged xenon. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[155]  Valerie A. Norton,et al.  Fast volumetric spatial-spectral MR imaging of hyperpolarized 13C-labeled compounds using multiple echo 3D bSSFP. , 2010, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[156]  F. Gallagher,et al.  Hyperpolarized [1-13C]-Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acid: Vitamin C as a Probe for Imaging Redox Status in Vivo , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[157]  A. Pines,et al.  Para-hydrogen-enhanced hyperpolarized gas-phase magnetic resonance imaging. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[158]  A. Sherry,et al.  The effect of 13C enrichment in the glassing matrix on dynamic nuclear polarization of [1-13C]pyruvate , 2011, Physics in medicine and biology.