Entropy of seismic electric signals: analysis in natural time under time reversal.

Electric signals have been recently recorded at the Earth's surface with amplitudes appreciably larger than those hitherto reported. Their entropy in natural time is smaller than that of a "uniform" distribution. The same holds for their entropy upon time reversal. Such a behavior, which is also found by numerical simulations in fractional Brownian motion time series and in an on-off intermittency model, stems from infinitely ranged long range temporal correlations and hence these signals are probably seismic electric signal activities (critical dynamics). This classification is strikingly confirmed since three strong nearby earthquakes occurred (which is an extremely unusual fact) after the original submission of the present paper. The entropy fluctuations are found to increase upon approaching bursting, which is reminiscent of the behavior identifying sudden cardiac death individuals when analyzing their electrocardiograms.

[1]  Y. Pomeau,et al.  Intermittent transition to turbulence in dissipative dynamical systems , 1980 .

[2]  Bernhard Lesche,et al.  Instabilities of Rényi entropies , 1982 .

[3]  Tang,et al.  Self-Organized Criticality: An Explanation of 1/f Noise , 2011 .

[4]  P. Bak,et al.  Earthquakes as a self‐organized critical phenomenon , 1989 .

[5]  Spiegel,et al.  On-off intermittency: A mechanism for bursting. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[6]  C. Peng,et al.  Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[7]  Platt,et al.  Characterization of on-off intermittency. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[8]  R. Mantegna,et al.  Long-range correlation properties of coding and noncoding DNA sequences: GenBank analysis. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[9]  M. Taqqu,et al.  Stable Non-Gaussian Random Processes : Stochastic Models with Infinite Variance , 1995 .

[10]  竹中 茂夫 G.Samorodnitsky,M.S.Taqqu:Stable non-Gaussian Random Processes--Stochastic Models with Infinite Variance , 1996 .

[11]  W. Linde STABLE NON‐GAUSSIAN RANDOM PROCESSES: STOCHASTIC MODELS WITH INFINITE VARIANCE , 1996 .

[12]  Bruce E. Shaw,et al.  Rethinking Earthquake Prediction , 1999 .

[13]  Antonello Provenzale,et al.  Red spectra from white and blue noise , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[14]  L. R. Sykes,et al.  Evolving Towards a Critical Point: A Review of Accelerating Seismic Moment/Energy Release Prior to Large and Great Earthquakes , 1999 .

[15]  Stochastic dynamics of time correlation in complex systems with discrete time , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[16]  D. Sornette Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences: Chaos, Fractals, Selforganization and Disorder: Concepts and Tools , 2000 .

[17]  D. Sornette Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences: Chaos, Fractals, Selforganization and Disorder: Concepts and Tools , 2000 .

[18]  Fred J. Molz,et al.  The Weierstrass–Mandelbrot Process Revisited , 2001 .

[19]  F Gafarov,et al.  Possibility between earthquake and explosion seismogram differentiation by discrete stochastic non-Markov processes and local Hurst exponent analysis. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[20]  B. Mandelbrot Gaussian Self-Affinity and Fractals: Globality, The Earth, 1/f Noise, and R/S (Selecta (Old or New), Volume H) , 2001 .

[21]  Antonello Provenzale,et al.  Signature of on-off intermittency in measured signals. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[22]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Long-range correlations in the electric signals that precede rupture. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[23]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Electric fields that "arrive" before the time derivative of the magnetic field prior to major earthquakes. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[24]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Attempt to distinguish electric signals of a dichotomous nature. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[25]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Long-range correlations in the electric signals that precede rupture: further investigations. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[26]  S. Padhy Intermittent criticality on a regional scale in Bhuj , 2004 .

[27]  Bruce J West,et al.  Multiscaling comparative analysis of time series and a discussion on "earthquake conversations" in California. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[28]  R. Sánchez,et al.  Comment on "do earthquakes exhibit self-organized criticality?". , 2004, Physical review letters.

[29]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Entropy in the natural time domain. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[30]  Jin Ma,et al.  Do earthquakes exhibit self-organized criticality? , 2004, Physical review letters.

[31]  Bernhard Lesche Rényi entropies and observables. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[32]  P A Varotsos,et al.  Natural entropy fluctuations discriminate similar-looking electric signals emitted from systems of different dynamics. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[33]  Panayiotis A. Varotsos,et al.  The physics of seismic electric signals , 2005 .

[34]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Some properties of the entropy in the natural time. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[35]  Karina Weron,et al.  Complete description of all self-similar models driven by Lévy stable noise. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[36]  Sumiyoshi Abe,et al.  Origin of the usefulness of the natural-time representation of complex time series. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[37]  P. Varotsos,et al.  Similarity of fluctuations in correlated systems: the case of seismicity. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.