NORMS, REWARDS, AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE MOTIVATION OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

In this study, we conduct a scenario experiment testing the effect of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation of open source software (OSS) developers. While we observe no difference in intrinsic motivation between the payment and no payment scenario, total motivation increases when a monetary reward is offered. We find that self-reported interest increases in the payment scenario when there is a norm for payment, whereas it decreases when there is a norm for no payment. We conclude that, under certain preconditions, monetary rewards may well be used in OSS development.

[1]  J. Tirole,et al.  Some Simple Economics of Open Source , 2002 .

[2]  Sonali K. Shah Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development , 2006, Manag. Sci..

[3]  E. Fama,et al.  Agency Problems and Residual Claims , 1983 .

[4]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects , 2007 .

[5]  I. Ajzen Attitudes, Personality and Behavior , 1988 .

[6]  E. Fama,et al.  Separation of Ownership and Control , 1983, The Journal of Law and Economics.

[7]  L. Jeppesen,et al.  The Value of Openness in Scientific Problem Solving , 2007 .

[8]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[9]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games. , 1977 .

[10]  Frank Hecker,et al.  Setting Up Shop: The Business of Open-Source Software , 1999, IEEE Softw..

[11]  Joel West,et al.  How open is open enough?: Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies , 2003 .

[12]  T. M. Amabile,et al.  The Work Preference Inventory: assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  R. Ryan,et al.  Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. , 1982 .

[14]  B. Frey Does Monitoring Increase Work Effort? The Rivalry with Trust and Loyalty , 1993 .

[15]  B. Hennessey The Social Psychology of Creativity , 2003, Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

[16]  Eric A. von Hippel,et al.  How Open Source Software Works: 'Free' User-to-User Assistance? , 2000 .

[17]  Lars Frederiksen,et al.  Why Do Users Contribute to Firm-Hosted User Communities? The Case of Computer-Controlled Music Instruments , 2006, Organ. Sci..

[18]  Robert Dur,et al.  Signaling and Screening of Workers' Motivation , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[19]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[20]  Joachim Henkel,et al.  Open source software from commercial firms--tools, complements, and collective invention , 2002 .

[21]  Mark P. Zanna,et al.  Direct Experience and Attitude-Behavior Consistency: An Information Processing Analysis , 1978 .

[22]  Guido Hertel,et al.  Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel , 2003 .

[23]  J. Henkel Selective revealing in open innovation processes: the case of embedded Linux (gekürzte Version) , 2006 .

[24]  Joachim Henkel,et al.  New ventures based on open innovation - an empirical analysis of start-up firms in embedded Linux , 2006, Int. J. Technol. Manag..

[25]  Jürgen Bitzer,et al.  Intrinsic motivation in open source software development , 2007 .

[26]  Richard P. Gabriel,et al.  Innovation happens elsewhere - open source as business strategy , 2005 .

[27]  Sandra Slaughter,et al.  Understanding the Motivations, Participation, and Performance of Open Source Software Developers: A Longitudinal Study of the Apache Projects , 2006, Manag. Sci..

[28]  James H. Gerlach,et al.  An empirical analysis of open source software developers' motivations and continuance intentions , 2007, Inf. Manag..

[29]  Bobby J. Calder,et al.  Intrinsic motivation and norms about payment. , 1980 .

[30]  J. Tirole,et al.  Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation , 2003 .

[31]  Carol Sansone,et al.  Rewarding pinball wizardry: Effects of evaluation and cue value on intrinsic interest , 1984 .

[32]  Eric S. Raymond,et al.  The cathedral and the bazaar - musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary , 2001 .

[33]  E. Deci,et al.  A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[34]  Likoebe M. Maruping,et al.  Impacts of License Choice and Organizational Sponsorship on User Interest and Development Activity in Open Source Software Projects , 2006, Inf. Syst. Res..

[35]  S. Kiesler,et al.  The kindness of strangers: on the usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice , 1996 .

[36]  Rishab Aiyer Ghosh,et al.  Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU , 2007 .

[37]  H. Demsetz,et al.  Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization , 1975, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[38]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace , 1993 .

[39]  Alexander Hars,et al.  Working for free? Motivations of participating in open source projects , 2001, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[40]  Bruno S. Frey,et al.  How Intrinsic Motivation is Crowded out and in , 1994 .

[41]  J. Harackiewicz The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. , 1979 .