Low Frequency Pulsation Generation by Energetic Particles

We review some ideas developed over the past decade about the generation of low frequency waves in the magnetosphere by wave particle resonance. We emphasise the importance of wave symmetry about the equator, the particular type of particle distributions present in the magnetosphere and differences between drift and bounce resonance. Many arguments are independent of the precise wave mode. Later in the paper we concentrate on the problem of Alfven wave generation by ring current protons. Recent analysis of measurements at synchronous orbit have yielded supporting experimental evidence.

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