An overview of the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign

[1] Between November 1999 and April 2000, two major field experiments, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) and the Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO 2000), collaborated to form the largest field campaign yet mounted to study Arctic ozone loss. This international campaign involved more than 500 scientists from over 20 countries. These scientists made measurements across the high and middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The main scientific aims of SOLVE/THESEO 2000 were to study (1) the processes leading to ozone loss in the Arctic vortex and (2) the effect on ozone amounts over northern midlatitudes. The campaign included satellites, research balloons, six aircraft, ground stations, and scores of ozonesondes. Campaign activities were principally conducted in three intensive measurement phases centered on early December 1999, late January 2000, and early March 2000. Observations made during the campaign showed that temperatures were below normal in the polar lower stratosphere over the course of the 1999–2000 winter. Because of these low temperatures, extensive polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) formed across the Arctic. Large particles containing nitric acid trihydrate were observed for the first time, showing that denitrification can occur without the formation of ice particles. Heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surfaces of the PSC particles produced high levels of reactive chlorine within the polar vortex by early January. This reactive chlorine catalytically destroyed about 60% of the ozone in a layer near 20 km between late January and mid-March 2000, with good agreement being found between a number of empirical and modeling studies. The measurements made during SOLVE/THESEO 2000 have improved our understanding of key photochemical parameters and the evolution of ozone-destroying forms of chlorine.

[1]  David W. Fahey,et al.  Balloonborne in situ gas chromatograph for measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere , 2003 .

[2]  D. Fahey,et al.  Weak impact of mixing on chlorine deactivation during SOLVE/THESEO 2000: Lagrangian modeling (CLaMS) versus ER-2 in situ observations , 2003 .

[3]  Jerry Lumpe,et al.  POAM III retrieval algorithm and error analysis: POAM III RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM AND ERROR ANALYSIS , 2002 .

[4]  J. Burrows,et al.  Continuous monitoring of the high and persistent chlorine activation during the Arctic winter 1999/2000 by the GOME instrument on ERS‐2 , 2002 .

[5]  John P. Burrows,et al.  Ozone depletion observed by the Airborne Submillimeter Radiometer (ASUR) during the Arctic winter 1999/2000 , 2002 .

[6]  F. Lefévre,et al.  Redistribution of reactive nitrogen in the Arctic lower stratosphere in the 1999/2000 winter , 2002 .

[7]  Christopher R. Webster,et al.  Construction of a unified, high-resolution nitrous oxide data set for ER-2 flights during SOLVE , 2002 .

[8]  W. Grant,et al.  An assessment of the ozone loss during the 1999–2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 Arctic campaign , 2002 .

[9]  W. Grant,et al.  Using gas-phase nitric acid as an indicator of PSC composition , 2002 .

[10]  F. Goutail,et al.  Ozone loss from quasi‐conservative coordinate mapping during the 1999–2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaigns , 2002 .

[11]  C. Voigt,et al.  Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of chemical and optical cloud properties , 2002 .

[12]  William H. Swartz,et al.  Photochemical ozone loss in the Arctic as determined by MSX/UVISI stellar occultation observations during the 1999/2000 winter , 2002 .

[13]  K. K. Perkins,et al.  Quantifying the rate of heterogeneous processing in the Arctic polar vortex with in situ observations of OH , 2002 .

[14]  C. Randall,et al.  POAM III observations of arctic ozone loss for the 1999/2000 winter , 2002 .

[15]  E. Ray,et al.  Transport of ozone‐depleted air on the breakup of the stratospheric polar vortex in spring/summer 2000 , 2002 .

[16]  E. Browell,et al.  Evidence for inertia gravity waves forming polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia , 2002 .

[17]  O. Toon,et al.  Impact of polar stratospheric cloud particle composition, number density, and lifetime on denitrification , 2002 .

[18]  B. Heese,et al.  Quantification of the transport of chemical constituents from the polar vortex to midlatitudes in the lower stratosphere using the high-resolution advection model MIMOSA and effective diffusivity , 2002 .

[19]  F. Lefévre,et al.  Influence of Arctic polar ozone depletion on lower stratospheric ozone amounts at Haute‐Provence Observatory (43.92°N, 5.71°E) , 2002 .

[20]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  A vortex‐scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles , 2002 .

[21]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  Defining the polar vortex edge from an N2O:potential temperature correlation , 2002 .

[22]  K. Hoppel,et al.  Discriminating Types Ia and Ib polar stratospheric clouds in POAM satellite data , 2002 .

[23]  Jerry Lumpe,et al.  Reconstruction of three-dimensional ozone fields using POAM III during SOLVE , 2002 .

[24]  L. Froidevaux,et al.  Trajectory hunting as an effective technique to validate multiplatform measurements: Analysis of the MLS, HALOE, SAGE‐II, ILAS, and POAM‐II data in October–November 1996 , 2002 .

[25]  Richard M. Bevilacqua,et al.  Chemical loss of ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000: An analysis based on balloon‐borne observations , 2002 .

[26]  C. Voigt,et al.  Dehydration in the Arctic stratosphere during the SOLVE/THESEO-2000 campaigns , 2002 .

[27]  C. Randall,et al.  Observations and analysis of polar stratospheric clouds detected by POAM III during the 1999/2000 Northern Hemisphere winter , 2002 .

[28]  Christopher R. Webster,et al.  Simulation of ozone depletion in spring 2000 with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) , 2002 .

[29]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000 , 2002 .

[30]  D. Waugh,et al.  Interannual Variability in the Decay of Lower Stratospheric Arctic Vortices. , 2002 .

[31]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Modeling the effect of denitrification on Arctic ozone depletion during winter 1999/2000 , 2002 .

[32]  W. Grant,et al.  Vortexwide denitrification of the Arctic polar stratosphere in winter 1999/2000 determined by remote observations , 2002 .

[33]  M. Höpfner,et al.  Evolution of ozone and ozone-related species over Kiruna during the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign retrieved from ground-based millimeter-wave and infrared observations , 2002 .

[34]  E. Atlas,et al.  Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere , 2002 .

[35]  C. Voigt,et al.  Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar stratospheric clouds , 2002 .

[36]  Hartmut Boesch,et al.  Comparison of POAM III ozone measurements with correlative aircraft and balloon data during SOLVE , 2002 .

[37]  L. Froidevaux,et al.  Comparison of ER‐2 aircraft and POAM III, MLS, and SAGE II satellite measurements during SOLVE using traditional correlative analysis and trajectory hunting technique , 2002 .

[38]  C. Voigt,et al.  Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation over Northern Scandinavia on 25 January 2000 constrained by in-situ measurements of chemical and optical could properties , 2002 .

[39]  N. Harris,et al.  Comparison of empirically derived ozone losses in the Arctic vortex : SAGE III-Ozone Loss Validation Experiment and Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone-2000 (SOLVE/THESEO) , 2002 .

[40]  S. Bühler.  Microwave Limb Sounding , 2002 .

[41]  D. Toohey,et al.  Sunset observations of ClO in the Arctic Polar Vortex and implications for ozone loss , 2001 .

[42]  Varavut Limpasuvan,et al.  The North Atlantic Oscillation and the occurrences of ozone miniholes , 2001 .

[43]  M. Fromm,et al.  Origin of extreme ozone minima at middle to high , 2001 .

[44]  D. Fahey,et al.  Severe and extensive denitrification in the 1999–2000 Arctic winter stratosphere , 2001 .

[45]  D. Fahey,et al.  Observational evidence for the role of denitrification in Arctic stratospheric ozone loss , 2001 .

[46]  G. Toon,et al.  Severe chemical ozone loss inside the Arctic Polar Vortex during winter 1999–2000 Inferred from in situ airborne measurements , 2001 .

[47]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  A Comparison of Match Ozonesonde-Derived and 3D Model Ozone Loss Rates in the Arctic Polar Vortex during the Winters of 1994/95 and 1995/96 , 2001 .

[48]  J. Reichardt,et al.  Retrieval of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Microphysical Properties from Lidar Measurements: Dependence on Particle Shape Assumptions , 2001 .

[49]  T. L. Thompson,et al.  The Detection of Large HNO3-Containing Particles in the Winter Arctic Stratosphere , 2001, Science.

[50]  A comparison of Match and 3D model ozone loss rates in the Arctic Polar Vortex during the winters of 1994/95 and 1995/96 , 2001 .

[51]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  Defining the Polar Vortex Edge Using an N2O: Potential Temperature Correlation Versus the Nash Criterion: A Comparison , 2001 .

[52]  K. Künzi,et al.  Ozone Depletion and Chlorine Activation In The Arctic Winter 2001/2002 and Earlier Winters , 2001 .

[53]  K. Künzi,et al.  Ozone depletion and chlorine activation in the Arctic winter 1999/2000 observed in Ny‐Ålesund , 2002 .

[54]  C. Voigt,et al.  Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds. , 2000, Science.

[55]  M. Guirlet,et al.  Large loss of total ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000 , 2000 .

[56]  M. Santee,et al.  UARS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of denitrification and ozone loss in the 2000 Arctic late winter , 2000 .

[57]  G. Manney,et al.  Development of the polar vortex in the 1999–2000 Arctic winter stratosphere , 2000 .

[58]  H. Oelhaf,et al.  Ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter 1994/1995 : Model simulations underestimate results of the Match analysis , 2000 .

[59]  E. Browell,et al.  An Assessment of the Ozone Loss During the 1999-2000 SOLVE Campaign , 2000 .

[60]  Eos Sorce,et al.  Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics , 2000 .

[61]  Gert König-Langlo,et al.  The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument and early validation results , 1999 .

[62]  D. McKenna,et al.  A test of our understanding of the ozone chemistry in the Arctic polar vortex based on in situ measurements of ClO, BrO, and O3 in the 1994/1995 winter , 1999 .

[63]  D. McKenna,et al.  Fast in situ stratospheric hygrometers: A new family of balloon‐borne and airborne Lyman α photofragment fluorescence hygrometers , 1999 .

[64]  Michael Eisinger,et al.  The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific Results , 1999 .

[65]  Richard R. Lay,et al.  The UARS and EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Experiments. , 1999 .

[66]  M. Rummukainen,et al.  Chemical Ozone Loss in the Arctic Winter 1994/95 as Determined by the Match Technique , 1999 .

[67]  P. James.  A climatology of ozone mini-holes over the northern hemisphere , 1998 .

[68]  David Rind,et al.  Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations , 1998, Nature.

[69]  M. Leutbecher,et al.  Particle microphysics and chemistry in remotely observed mountain polar stratospheric clouds , 1998 .

[70]  James F. Gleason,et al.  Anomalously low ozone over the Arctic , 1997 .

[71]  B. Luo,et al.  Freezing of polar stratospheric clouds in orographically induced strong warming events , 1997 .

[72]  S. R. Drayson,et al.  Validation of aerosol measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment , 1996 .

[73]  M. Rummukainen,et al.  Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winters 1991/92 and 1994/95 (Match) , 1996 .

[74]  P. Crutzen,et al.  Size-dependent stratospheric droplet composition in Lee wave temperature fluctuations and their potential role in PSC freezing , 1995 .

[75]  G. E. Peckham,et al.  Calibration of the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite , 1994, Proceedings of IGARSS '94 - 1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[76]  Ulrich Schmidt,et al.  Ultraviolet actinic flux in the stratosphere: An overview of balloon‐borne measurements during EASOE, 1991/92 , 1994 .

[77]  G. Siebes,et al.  The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite microwave limb sounder instrument , 1993 .

[78]  James M. Russell,et al.  The Halogen Occultation Experiment , 1993 .

[79]  Robert E. Veiga,et al.  Validation of SAGE II ozone measurements , 1989 .

[80]  D. R. Hanson,et al.  Solubility and equilibrium vapor pressures of HCl dissolved in polar stratospheric cloud materials: Ice and the trihydrate of nitric acid , 1988 .

[81]  J. Farman,et al.  Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction , 1985, Nature.

[82]  M. McCormick,et al.  Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol , 1979 .

[83]  H. Arakawa.  AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF POTENTIAL VORTICITY , 1941 .