Qualitative Modeling of Spatial Orientation Processes using Logical Propositions: Interconnecting Spatial Presence, Spatial Updating, Piloting, and Spatial Cognition

In this paper, we introduce first steps towards a logically consistent framework describing and relating items concerning the phenomena of spatial orientation processes, namely spatial presence, spatial updating, piloting, and spatial cognition. Spatial presence can for this purpose be seen as the consistent feeling of being in a specific spatial context, and intuitively knowing where one is with respect to the immediate surround. The core idea of the framework is to model spatial orientation-related issues by analyzing their logical and functional relations. This is done by determining necessary and/or sufficient conditions between related items like spatial presence, spatial orientation, and spatial updating. This eventually leads to a set of necessary prerequisites and sufficient conditions for those items. More specifically, the logical structure of our framework suggests novel ways of quantifying spatial presence and spatial updating. Furthermore, it allows to disambiguate between two complementing types of automatic spatial updating: On the one hand, the well-known continuous spatial updating induced by continuous movement information. On the other hand, a novel type of discontinuous, teleport-like “instantaneous spatial updating” that allows participants to quickly adopt the reference frame of a new location without any explicit motion cues.

[1]  Thomas W. Schubert,et al.  Five Theses on the Book Problem : Presence in Books , Film and VR , 2002 .

[2]  W. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Elements of a multi-level theory of presence: phenomenology, mental processing and neural correlates , 2002 .

[3]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways , 1983, Trends in Neurosciences.

[4]  B L McNaughton,et al.  Path Integration and Cognitive Mapping in a Continuous Attractor Neural Network Model , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[5]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Effects of Stereoscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence , 2001, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[6]  H. Bülthoff,et al.  Effects of temporal association on recognition memory , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  Bernhard E. Riecke,et al.  How far can we get with just visual information?: path integration and spatial updating studies in virtual reality , 2003 .

[8]  Mel Slater,et al.  Presence and The Sixth Sense , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[9]  Ranxiao Frances Wang,et al.  Object recognition is mediated by extraretinal information , 2002, Perception & psychophysics.

[10]  Bernhard Schölkopf,et al.  Where did I take that snapshot? Scene-based homing by image matching , 1998, Biological Cybernetics.

[11]  W. Reichardt,et al.  Autocorrelation, a principle for the evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system , 1961 .

[12]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  Spatial updating experiments in Virtual Reality: What makes the world turn around in our head? , 2002 .

[13]  Ranxiao Frances Wang,et al.  Active and passive scene recognition across views , 1999, Cognition.

[14]  Roland Maurer,et al.  What is modelling for? a critical review of the models of path integration , 1995 .

[15]  Woodrow Barfield,et al.  The Sense of Presence within Auditory Virtual Environments , 1996, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[16]  David W. Schloerb,et al.  A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence , 1995, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[17]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  View-based dynamic object recognition based on human perception , 2002, Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots.

[18]  Holger Ing. Regenbrecht.  Faktoren für Präsenz in virtueller Architektur , 2000 .

[19]  Sarah H. Creem-Regehr,et al.  Spatial updating of virtual displays , 2004 .

[20]  Horst Mittelstaedt,et al.  Homing by Path Integration , 1982 .

[21]  Holger Regenbrecht,et al.  The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights , 2001, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[22]  Horst Mittelstaedt.  Triple-loop model of path control by head direction and place cells , 2000, Biological Cybernetics.

[23]  François Klam,et al.  ã Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Visual±vestibular interactive responses in the macaque ventral intraparietal area (VIP) , 2022 .

[24]  Earl Hunt,et al.  ORIENTATION AND WAYFINDING: A REVIEW , 1999 .

[25]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  Teleporting works: Spatial updating experiments in Virtual Tübingen , 2002 .

[26]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  View-based recognition under illumination changes using local features , 2001, CVPR 2001.

[27]  M. Goodale.  Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate , 1995 .

[28]  J. Dichgans,et al.  Visual-Vestibular Interaction: Effects on Self-Motion Perception and Postural Control , 1978 .

[29]  J. O'Keefe,et al.  The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. , 1971, Brain research.

[30]  RegenbrechtHolger,et al.  Real and illusory interactions enhance presence in virtual environments , 2002 .

[31]  W E Skaggs,et al.  Deciphering the hippocampal polyglot: the hippocampus as a path integration system. , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[32]  E. Tolman.  Cognitive maps in rats and men. , 1948, Psychological review.

[33]  D. Proffitt,et al.  Spatial updating of virtual displays during self- and display rotation. , 2004, Memory & cognition.

[34]  Roberta L. Klatzky,et al.  Encoding Spatial Representations Through Nonvisually Guided Locomotion: Tests of Human Path Integration , 1997 .

[35]  D. Simons,et al.  CHAPTER 13 – Change Blindness , 2005 .

[36]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Knowing where and getting there: a human navigation network. , 1998, Science.

[37]  Holger Regenbrecht,et al.  Real and Illusory Interactions Enhance Presence in Virtual Environments , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[38]  Jonathan Freeman,et al.  A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory , 2001, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[39]  K. Zilles,et al.  Polymodal Motion Processing in Posterior Parietal and Premotor Cortex A Human fMRI Study Strongly Implies Equivalencies between Humans and Monkeys , 2001, Neuron.

[40]  Ranxiao Frances Wang,et al.  Perceiving Real-World Viewpoint Changes , 1998 .

[41]  D R Proffitt,et al.  Updating displays after imagined object and viewer rotations. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[42]  E. Maguire,et al.  Knowing Where Things Are: Parahippocampal Involvement in Encoding Object Locations in Virtual Large-Scale Space , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[43]  Woodrow Barfield,et al.  Presence within Virtual Environments as a Function of Visual Display Parameters , 1996, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[44]  Jean-Arcady Meyer,et al.  BIOLOGICALLY BASED ARTIFICIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS: REVIEW AND PROSPECTS , 1997, Progress in Neurobiology.

[45]  B. Poucet.  Spatial cognitive maps in animals: new hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms. , 1993, Psychological review.

[46]  Michael J. Singer,et al.  Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire , 1998, Presence.

[47]  A Berthoz,et al.  Parietal and hippocampal contribution to topokinetic and topographic memory. , 1997, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[48]  R. Passingham.  The hippocampus as a cognitive map J. O'Keefe & L. Nadel, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1978). 570 pp., £25.00 , 1979, Neuroscience.