Atmospheric diurnal and semi-diurnal variations observed with GPS radio occultation soundings

Atmospheric diurnal and semi-diurnal variations observed with GPS radio occultation soundings F. Xie, D. L. Wu, C. O. Ao, and A. J. Mannucci Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA now at: Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA Received: 5 September 2009 – Accepted: 16 November 2009 – Published: 26 November 2009 Correspondence to: F. Xie (feiqin.xie@jpl.nasa.gov) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

[1]  Martin Stendel,et al.  Validating the microwave sounding unit stratospheric record using GPS occultation , 2003 .

[2]  Douglas Hunt,et al.  Estimates of the precision of GPS radio occultations from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 mission , 2007 .

[3]  Johannes Schmetz,et al.  Diurnal variation of upper tropospheric humidity and its relations to convective activities over tropical Africa , 2007 .

[4]  Paul B. Hays,et al.  A Least Squares Method for Spectral Analysis of Space-Time Series , 1995 .

[5]  Chester S. Gardner,et al.  Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80–105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations , 2000 .

[6]  Ernest K. Smith,et al.  The Constants in the Equation for Atmospheric Refractive Index at Radio Frequencies , 1953, Proceedings of the IRE.

[7]  Gottfried Kirchengast,et al.  Local time influence in single‐satellite radio occultation climatologies from Sun‐synchronous and non‐Sun‐synchronous satellites , 2007 .

[8]  Ying-Hwa Kuo,et al.  Estimating the uncertainty of using GPS radio occultation data for climate monitoring: Intercomparison of CHAMP refractivity climate records from 2002 to 2006 from different data centers , 2009 .

[9]  Alan K. Betts,et al.  Evaluation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation, surface thermodynamics, and surface fluxes in the ECMWF model using LBA data , 2002 .

[10]  K. Trenberth,et al.  The Diurnal Cycle and Its Depiction in the Community Climate System Model , 2004 .

[11]  D. Randall,et al.  Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle and Radiative Fluxes: Comparisons between Observations and a GCM , 2000 .

[12]  C. Deser,et al.  Detection of migrating diurnal tide in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using the Challenging Minisatellite Payload radio occultation data , 2008 .

[13]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  Observed and model‐simulated diurnal cycles of precipitation over the contiguous United States , 1999 .

[14]  L. Froidevaux,et al.  Equatorial diurnal variations observed in UARS Microwave Limb Sounder temperature during 1991–1994 and simulated by the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model , 1998 .

[15]  Christian Rocken,et al.  Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation Data , 2004 .

[16]  Christian Rocken,et al.  The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission: Early Results , 2008 .

[17]  B. Williams,et al.  Tides in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W) based on lidar temperature observations covering full diurnal cycles , 2001 .

[18]  Jeffrey M. Forbes,et al.  Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release , 2002 .

[19]  W. Bertiger,et al.  A technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation , 2002 .

[20]  A. Dai Global Precipitation and Thunderstorm Frequencies. Part II: Diurnal Variations , 2001 .

[21]  Stig Syndergaard,et al.  On the ionosphere calibration in GPS radio occultation measurements , 2000 .

[22]  V. V. Vorob’ev,et al.  Estimation of the accuracy of the atmospheric refractive index recovery from Doppler shift measurements at frequencies used in the NAVSTAR system , 1994 .

[23]  C. McLandress,et al.  Satellite observations of thermospheric tides: Results from the Wind Imaging Interferometer on UARS , 1996 .

[24]  Harshvardhan,et al.  Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle in a General Circulation Model , 1991 .

[25]  Stig Syndergaard,et al.  Profiling the Atmosphere Using the Airborne GPS Radio Occultation Technique: A Sensitivity Study , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[26]  Conway B. Leovy,et al.  A numerical model of nonmigrating diurnal tides between the surface and 65 km , 1995 .

[27]  C. McLandress Seasonal variability of the diurnal tide: Results from the Canadian middle atmosphere general circulation model , 1997 .

[28]  X. Zou,et al.  Analysis and validation of GPS/MET data in the neutral atmosphere , 1997 .

[29]  C. McLandress,et al.  The Seasonal Variation of the Propagating Diurnal Tide in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere. Part II: The Role of Tidal Heating and Zonal Mean Winds , 2002 .

[30]  S. J. Brentnall,et al.  Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle of Outgoing Longwave Radiation with an Atmospheric GCM , 1987 .

[31]  D. Ortland,et al.  Climatology and interannual variability of diurnal water vapor heating , 2001 .

[32]  J. Slingo,et al.  The Diurnal Cycle in the Tropics , 2001 .

[33]  Raymond G. Roble,et al.  Seasonal climatology of the nighttime tidal perturbation of temperature in the midlatitude mesopause region , 1998 .

[34]  N. Lau,et al.  Diurnal cycle of summertime deep convection over North America: A satellite perspective , 2005 .

[35]  B. Soden,et al.  Diurnal cycle of convection, clouds, and water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere: Satellites versus a general circulation model , 2004 .

[36]  J. Schofield,et al.  Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System , 1997 .

[37]  J. R. Eyre,et al.  Retrieving temperature, water vapour and surface pressure information from refractive‐index profiles derived by radio occultation: A simulation study , 2000 .

[38]  Chi O. Ao,et al.  Effect of ducting on radio occultation measurements: An assessment based on high‐resolution radiosonde soundings , 2007 .

[39]  T. Tsuda,et al.  Radiosonde observations of equatorial atmosphere dynamics over Indonesia: 1. Equatorial waves and diurnal tides , 1994 .

[40]  Anthony J. Mannucci,et al.  Rising and setting GPS occultations by use of open‐loop tracking , 2009 .

[41]  D. Wu,et al.  Observations of the diurnal tide from space , 1994 .

[42]  A. J. Miller,et al.  Investigations on long‐term temperature changes in the upper stratosphere using lidar data and NCEP analyses , 2001 .

[43]  F. Yi,et al.  Intensive radiosonde observations of the diurnal tide and planetary waves in the lower atmosphere over Yichang (111°18' E, 30°42' N), China , 2009 .

[44]  Volker Schwieger,et al.  GPS radio occultation with CHAMP: Atmospheric profiling utilizing the space‐based single difference technique , 2002 .

[45]  T. Tsuda,et al.  Characteristics of semidiurnal tides observed by the Kyoto meteor radar and Saskatoon medium‐frequency radar , 1988 .

[46]  L. Larrabee Strow,et al.  An Intercomparison of Radiation Codes for Retrieving Upper-Tropospheric Humidity in the 6.3-μm Band: A Report from the First GVaP Workshop , 2000 .

[47]  Junhong Wang,et al.  Diurnal variation in water vapor over North America and its implications for sampling errors in radiosonde humidity , 2002 .

[48]  R. Neale,et al.  The Maritime Continent and Its Role in the Global Climate: A GCM Study , 2003 .

[49]  Ying-Hwa Kuo,et al.  Monitoring the atmospheric boundary layer by GPS radio occultation signals recorded in the open‐loop mode , 2006 .

[50]  Chi O. Ao,et al.  Simulation studies of GPS radio occultation measurements , 2003 .

[51]  E. Robert Kursinski,et al.  Initial results of combining GPS occultations with ECMWF global analyses within a 1DVar framework , 2000 .

[52]  Benjamin M. Herman,et al.  An Approach for Retrieving Marine Boundary Layer Refractivity from GPS Occultation Data in the Presence of Superrefraction , 2005 .

[53]  A. Dai Recent changes in the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the United States , 1999 .

[54]  E. Zipser,et al.  The Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall and Convective Intensity according to Three Years of TRMM Measurements , 2003 .

[55]  C. Deser,et al.  Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in global surface wind and divergence fields , 1999 .

[56]  S. Sokolovskiy Effect of superrefraction on inversions of radio occultation signals in the lower troposphere , 2003 .

[57]  Anthony J. Mannucci,et al.  Lower troposphere refractivity bias in GPS occultation retrievals , 2003 .

[58]  R. Lindzen,et al.  Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational , 1969 .

[59]  Paul Poli,et al.  1DVAR analysis of temperature and humidity using GPS radio occultation refractivity data , 2002 .