Proof of Reputation: A Reputation-based Consensus Protocol for Blockchain Based Systems

A consensus mechanism serves as a basic and essential component of a blockchain based system (e.g. an IoT system) and constructs the decentralized trustworthiness between the decentralized nodes/things in the system network. The design of the consensus mechanism strongly impacts the blockchain system performance, including transaction capacity, scalability, and security. The Traditional consensus mechanisms (i.e., PoW and PoS) have encountered great challenges and require further investigation. In this work, a proof of reputation consensus mechanism is proposed, where the reputation of a node is constructed based on its asset, transaction activity, and consensus participation. In the proposed mechanism, a new block is generated by the leader node with the highest reputation and the new block is validated and confirmed through the reputation based voting. The rewards from generating the new block are then divided among the validators in proportion to their reputation values.

[1]  Kai Hwang,et al.  PowerTrust: A Robust and Scalable Reputation System for Trusted Peer-to-Peer Computing , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[2]  Miguel Castro,et al.  Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery , 2002, TOCS.

[3]  Zhang Zhe,et al.  A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[4]  Elaine Shi,et al.  Snow White: Robustly Reconfigurable Consensus and Applications to Provably Secure Proof of Stake , 2019, Financial Cryptography.

[5]  Ittai Abraham,et al.  Revisiting Fast Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance: Thelma, Velma, and Zelma , 2018, ArXiv.

[6]  Marko Vukolic,et al.  Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains , 2018, EuroSys.

[7]  Ling Liu,et al.  PeerTrust: supporting reputation-based trust for peer-to-peer electronic communities , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[8]  Elaine Shi,et al.  Permacoin: Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation , 2014, 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.

[9]  Michael Szydlo,et al.  Merkle Tree Traversal in Log Space and Time , 2004, EUROCRYPT.

[10]  Akbar Ghaffarpour Rahbar,et al.  PowerTrust: A Robust and Scalable Reputation System for Trusted Peer-to-Peer Computing , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[11]  Marko Vukolic,et al.  The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication , 2015, iNetSeC.

[12]  Nancy A. Lynch,et al.  Consensus in the presence of partial synchrony , 1988, JACM.

[13]  Jing Chen,et al.  CertChain: Public and Efficient Certificate Audit Based on Blockchain for TLS Connections , 2018, IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications.

[14]  H. Fawcett.  Manual of Political Economy , 1995 .

[15]  Ramakrishna Kotla,et al.  Zyzzyva , 2007, SOSP.

[16]  Ning Zhang,et al.  A Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networks , 2019, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[17]  Georg Fuchsbauer,et al.  SpaceMint: A Cryptocurrency Based on Proofs of Space , 2018, ERCIM News.

[18]  Ersin Uzun,et al.  A reputation-based trust management system for P2P networks , 2004, IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid, 2004. CCGrid 2004..

[19]  Mostafa H. Ammar,et al.  A reputation system for peer-to-peer networks , 2003, NOSSDAV '03.

[20]  Arvind Narayanan,et al.  Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies - A Comprehensive Introduction , 2016 .

[21]  Wei Peng,et al.  Proof of Reputation: A Reputation-Based Consensus Protocol for Peer-to-Peer Network , 2018, DASFAA.

[22]  Björn Scheuermann,et al.  Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[23]  Satoshi Nakamoto.  Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[24]  Paul Resnick,et al.  Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay' s reputation system , 2002, The Economics of the Internet and E-commerce.