Recent energy investigations on fossil and alternative nonfossil resources in Turkey

Abstract Recently, considerable attention has been focused on energy resources and energy investigations in Turkey. Domestic energy consumption accounts for 37% of the total energy consumption. The Turkish Government’s investment needs in the energy sector for the period 2000–2010 will be around US $55 billion. Of this, about 81% is total planning investments. A major dilemma now faced by Turkey is how to invest in new electric power capacity while, at the same time, adhering to foreign debt ceilings under lending rules set by the IMF. Turkey has to adopt new long term energy strategies to reduce the share of fossil fuels in the primary energy consumption. In recent times, the development of alternative energy sources has been a major focus of the research effort in Turkey.

[1]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Kinetics for non-isothermal flash pyrolysis of hazelnut shell , 1998 .

[2]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Fuel properties and calculation of higher heating values of vegetable oils , 1998 .

[3]  Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz.  Energy and Exergy Calculations of Latent Heat Energy Storage Systems , 2000 .

[4]  Harold H. Schobert,et al.  Temperature-staged liquefaction of coals impregnated with ferrous sulfate , 1992 .

[5]  Roberto Garcia,et al.  Supercritical toluene extraction of maceral concentrates obtained from Turkish coals , 1993 .

[6]  Sadriye Küçükbayrak,et al.  Determination of the reactivity of Ca(OH)2-fly ash sorbents for SO2 removal from flue gases , 1998 .

[7]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Evaluation of biomass residue: 1. Briquetting waste paper and wheat straw mixtures , 1998 .

[8]  Ulker Gurbuz Beker.  Briquettability of Lignite and Woody Wastes Composite Fuel , 2000 .

[9]  Kamil Kaygusuz.  Hydropower Potential in Turkey , 1999 .

[10]  Harold H. Schobert,et al.  Swelling pretreatment of coals for improved catalytic liquefaction , 1992 .

[11]  Serdar Yaman,et al.  Oxydesulfurization of a Turkish hard lignite with ammonia solutions , 1996 .

[12]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass , 2000 .

[13]  Mualla Öner,et al.  Effects of lignite properties on the hydroliquefaction behavior of representative Turkish lignites , 1992 .

[14]  J.B-son Bredenberg,et al.  Hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of the carbon-oxygen bond. 2. Thermal cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond in guaiacol , 1982 .

[15]  S. Küçükbayrak,et al.  Briquetting of Afsin-Elbistan lignite , 1998 .

[16]  Mualla Öner,et al.  Effects of catalysts and solvents on the direct hydroliquefaction of Turkish lignites , 1990 .

[17]  Ekrem Ekinci,et al.  ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GOYNUK AND SEYITOMER OIL SHALES OF TURKEY , 1991 .

[18]  Bahri Sahin,et al.  Effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on the finite time thermoeconomic performance of refrigerators and heat pumps , 2000 .

[19]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  Biobriquetting of Rapeseed Cake , 2000 .

[20]  Abdul Jabbar N. Khalifa.  Thermal performance of locally made flat plate solar collectors used as part of a domestic hot water system , 1999 .

[21]  Ekrem Ekinci,et al.  Nitrogen compounds in pyrolysis produced liquids from two Turkish oil shales , 1994 .

[22]  M. Şahin Gülaboğlu,et al.  Chlorination kinetics of pyrite mineral in two Turkish lignites , 1997 .

[23]  J.B-son Bredenberg,et al.  Hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of the carbonoxygen bond. 3. Thermolysis in tetralin of substituted anisoles , 1983 .

[24]  Selahattin Göktun.  Optimization of irreversible solar assisted ejector-vapor compression cascaded systems , 2000 .

[25]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigation of combined solar heat pump system for residential heating , 1999 .

[26]  Sadriye Küçükbayrak,et al.  Effect of Hydration Conditions on the Physical Properties of Fly Ash-Ca(OH)2 Sorbents , 1998 .

[27]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Physical properties of briquettes from waste paper and wheat straw mixtures , 1999 .

[28]  Tülay Durusoy.  Effect of sodium and lithium carbonate catalysts on the rate of steam gasification of low-temperature lignite coke , 1999 .

[29]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Rural Energy Resources: Applications and Consumption in Turkey , 1997 .

[30]  M. Küçük,et al.  Liquefaction of Prangmites australis by supercritical gas extraction , 1999 .

[31]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  The Viability of Thermal Energy Storage , 1999 .

[32]  Bahri Sahin,et al.  A comparative performance analysis of irreversible Carnot heat engines under maximum power density and maximum power conditions , 2000 .

[33]  Baris Sahin.  Exergy optimization for an endoreversible cogeneration cycle , 1997 .

[34]  Kamil Kaygusuz.  Energy, Water, and Environment in Turkey , 1997 .

[35]  Kamil Kaygusuz.  Electricity Generation: A Case Study in Turkey , 1999 .

[36]  M Inalli,et al.  A computational model of a domestic solar heating system with underground spherical thermal storage , 1997 .

[37]  Serdar Yaman,et al.  Kinetics of sulphur removal from coal by oxydesulphurization using trona , 1996 .

[38]  Bahri Sahin,et al.  A comparative performance analysis of irreversible regenerative reheating Joule-Brayton engines under maximum power density and maximum power conditions , 1998 .

[39]  M. Küçük,et al.  Liquefaction of sunflower stalk by using supercritical extraction , 1998 .

[40]  I. T. Toğrul,et al.  A study for estimating solar radiation in Elaziğ using geographical and meteorological data , 1999 .

[41]  E. Taşdemiroǧlu.  Economics of biogas space heating systems in rural Turkey , 1991 .

[42]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Experimental investigation of the exergetic efficiency of solar assisted and energy storage heat pump systems , 1992 .

[43]  A. Demirbas,et al.  CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF RESIDUAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS TO AN ACETONE-SOLUBLE OIL , 1991 .

[44]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Analysis of solar radiation data for Trabzon, Turkey , 1999 .

[45]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Exergy analysis of solar-assisted heat-pump systems for domestic heating , 1993 .

[46]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Heat storage chemical materials which can be used for domestic heating by heat pumps , 1991 .

[47]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Solar-assisted heat pump and energy storage for domestic heating in Turkey , 1993 .

[48]  Nilgün Karatepe,et al.  A Comparison of Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes , 2000 .

[49]  Ali Ihsan Karayigit,et al.  Trace Elements in a Pliocene-Pleistocene Lignite Profile from the Afsin-Elbistan Field, Eastern Turkey , 2000 .

[50]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  RECOVERY OF ORGANIC MATERIAL BY SUPERCRITICAL TOLUENE FROM TURKISH GOYNOK OIL SHALE 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MINERALS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE RECOVERY OF OKGANIC MATERIAL , 1990 .

[51]  Omer Comakli,et al.  Enhancement of heat transfer by turbulent decaying swirl flow , 1999 .

[52]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) , 1999 .

[53]  K. Bartle,et al.  Paraffinic hydrocarbons from supercritical-gas extracts of coal as organic geochemical markers , 1979, Nature.

[54]  E. Taşdemiroǧlu.  Biomass energy potential in Turkey , 1986 .

[55]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Properties of charcoal derived from hazelnut shell and the production of briquettes using pyrolytic oil , 1999 .

[56]  E. Taşdemiroǧlu,et al.  Review of the biogas technology in Turkey , 1988 .

[57]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  Vegetable oil fuels: A review , 1999 .

[58]  M. Kuçuk,et al.  Liquefaction of hazelnut seed coat by supercritical gas extraction , 1995 .

[59]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Sulfur removal from coal by oxydesulfurization using alkaline solution from wood ash , 1999 .

[60]  Hüseyin Karaca,et al.  Chemical cleaning of Turkish lignites by leaching with aqueous hydrogen peroxide , 1997 .

[61]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  HYDROGEN RESOURCES : CONVERSION OF BLACK LIQUOR TO HYDROGEN RICH GASEOUS PRODUCTS , 1996 .

[62]  Keith D. Bartle,et al.  Aromatic products of 340 °C supercritical-toluene extraction of two Turkish lignites: an n.m.r. study , 1979 .

[63]  M. S Söylemez,et al.  Optimum insulation thickness for refrigeration applications , 1999 .

[64]  Ekrem Ekinci,et al.  Chemistry and geochemistry of Turkish oil shale kerogens , 1988 .

[65]  Ayhan DemirbaŞ,et al.  COMBUSTION PROPERTIES AND CALCULATION HIGHER HEATING VALUES OF DIESEL FUELS , 1998 .

[66]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  The Comparison of Measured and Calculated Solar Radiations in Trabzon, Turkey , 1999 .

[67]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Calculation of Required Collector Area of a Solar-Assisted Series Heat Pump for Domestic Heating , 2000 .

[68]  L.Berrin Erbay,et al.  Analysis of the stirling heat engine at maximum power conditions , 1997 .

[69]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Delignification of Ailanthus altissima and Spruce orientalis with glycerol of alkaline glycerol at atmospheric pressure , 1993 .

[70]  Emel Turker,et al.  The socio-economic analysis of fuelwood consumption with the principal components analysis in Turkey. , 1997 .

[71]  Levent Artok,et al.  Upgrading lignites via thermal reduction with coke-oven gas , 1991 .

[72]  Aral Olcay,et al.  Supercritical-gas extraction of two lignites☆ , 1978 .

[73]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  Direct use of sunflower oil as a heating oil , 1998 .

[74]  Keith D. Bartle,et al.  Chemical composition of SCG extracts obtained from coal and maceral concentrates , 1996 .

[75]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Evaluation of Biomass Materials as Energy Sources: Upgrading of Tea Waste by Briquetting Process , 1999 .

[76]  Elcin Kentel,et al.  Renewable energy potential as an alternative to fossil fuels in Turkey , 1999 .

[77]  Ali Ihsan Karayigit,et al.  Quality and Petrographic Characteristics of the Lacustrine Ermenek Coal (Early Miocene), Turkey , 1999 .

[78]  Aral Olcay,et al.  SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF TURKISH LIGNITES AND OIL SHALE WITH TOLUENE MIXTURES , 1994 .

[79]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Forest biomass as a source of renewable energy in Turkey , 1999 .

[80]  Ayhan Demirbas.  CHEMICALS FROM FOREST PROOUCTS BY EFFICIENT EXTRACTION METHODS , 1994 .

[81]  H. Paksoy,et al.  Thermal analysis of heat storage materials , 1993 .

[82]  A. Demirbaş,et al.  Kinetic study on hydrolysis of biomass (Ailanthus altissima chips) by using Alkaline-glycerol solution , 1999 .

[83]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  An approach to heat and mass transfer analysis during film condensation inside a vertical tube , 1993 .

[84]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  Air oxidation of Turkish Beypazari lignite. 2. Effect of demineralization on structural characteristics in oxidation reactions at 150 .degree.C , 1994 .

[85]  Aral Olcay,et al.  REACTIONS OF METHOXY-SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC COAL MOOELS IN SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENTS , 1994 .

[86]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  CONVERSION OF WOOD TO LIQUID PRODUCTS USING ALKALINE GLYCEROL , 1992 .

[87]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels , 1997 .

[88]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  SUPERCRITICAL AND CATALYTIC FLUID EXTRACTIONS OF TEA WASTES , 1996 .

[89]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Kinetic study on the pyrolysis of Hazel nut shell , 1994 .

[90]  H. Sofrata,et al.  Heat rejection alternatives for thermoelectric refrigerators , 1996 .

[91]  Sibel Ozdogan,et al.  Formation and dispersion of toxic combustion by-products from small-scale combustion systems , 1997 .

[92]  Y. Demirel,et al.  Calculation of excess heat capacities for liquid mixtures , 1992 .

[93]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Energy Situation, Future Developments, Energy Saving, and Energy Efficiency in Turkey , 1999 .

[94]  H. Ibrahim Acar,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of the absorption refrigeration system with geothermal energy: an experimental study , 2000 .

[95]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  RECOVERY OF ORGANIC MATERIAL BY SUPERCRITICAL TOLUENE FROM TURKISH GÖYNÜK OIL SHALE. 2. KINETIC COMPARISON WITH U.S.WESTERN REFERENCE OIL SHALE , 1991 .

[96]  Sridhar Komarneni,et al.  Intercalated metal-clay catalysts in direct liquefaction of bituminous coal , 1993 .

[97]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  Air oxidation of Turkish Beypazari lignite. 1. Change of structural characteristics in oxidation reactions of 150 .degree.C , 1993 .

[98]  Kamil Kaygusuz.  Utilization of solar energy and waste heat , 1999 .

[99]  Salih Dinçer,et al.  Thermal reactivities of some Turkish lignites , 1992 .

[100]  M. Küçük,et al.  RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOHASS TECHNOLOGY , 1994 .

[101]  Hasbi Yavuz,et al.  Thermal efficiency of a regenerative Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition , 1999 .

[102]  Alan Williams,et al.  Combustion characteristics of lignite-water slurries , 1998 .

[103]  K. Kaygusuz,et al.  Experimental investigation and a dynamic simulation of the solar-assisted energy-storaged heat pump system , 1993 .

[104]  Sabriye Pişkin,et al.  Effects of coal oxidation on calorific value , 1999 .

[105]  Mustafa Yilmaz,et al.  Changes in coal composition during air oxidation at moderate temperature , 1989 .

[106]  Ibrahim Kilicaslan,et al.  Sugar cane as an alternative energy source for Turkey , 1999 .

[107]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Yields of oil products from thermochemical biomass conversion processes , 1998 .

[108]  Ülker Gürbüz Beker,et al.  Briquetting of Afşin-Elbistan lignite of Turkey using different waste materials , 1997 .

[109]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  LIQUEFACTION OF BEYPAZARI LIGNITE USING NiCl2-KCl-LiCl CATALYSTS. 2. HYDROGEN TRANSFER FROM TETRALIN TO COAL , 1991 .

[110]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Biomass conversion processes , 1997 .

[111]  T. Gürkan,et al.  Investigation of parameters affecting atmospheric extraction yields and extract qualities of two Turkish lignites , 1985 .

[112]  Vecihi Pamuk,et al.  KINETICS FOR FAST PYROLYSIS OF HAZEL NUT SHELL , 1996 .

[113]  Süleyman Özkaynak,et al.  Optimum performance of a corrugated, collector-driven, irreversible carnot heat engine and absorption refrigerator , 1997 .

[114]  Yuda Yürüm,et al.  Separation of Pyridine Extracts of Zonguldak Bituminous Coal by Surface-Modified Silica Gel Liquid Chromatography Columns , 2000 .

[115]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  Charcoal from the pyrolysis of rapeseed plant straw-stalk , 1999 .

[116]  Tevfik Gemci,et al.  Exergy analysis of a sulphide-pulp preparation process in the pulp and paper industry , 1998 .

[117]  Ramazan Ceylan,et al.  Removal of sulphur from four Central Anatolian lignites by NaOH , 1988 .

[118]  Serdar Yaman,et al.  Oxydesulfurization of a Turkish Lignite Using Trona Solutions , 1996 .

[119]  Ekrem Ekinci,et al.  Pyrolysis of Turkish oil shale and lignite: pyrolysis conditions and alkane distribution , 1993 .

[120]  Aral Olcay,et al.  OXIDATION OF TUNC cedil;BĪLEK LIGNITE WITH CUPRIC HYDROXIDE , 1994 .

[121]  F. Karaosmanôglu,et al.  Effect of Some Turkish Vegetable Oil-Diesel Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emissions , 1997 .

[122]  Omer Comakli,et al.  Determination of optimum working conditions in heat-pumps using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures , 1999 .

[123]  Mustafa Özdemir,et al.  New application of the fixed bed reactor to the measurement of coal reactivity under dynamic combustion conductions , 1998 .

[124]  A. Isigigür,et al.  Agricultural residues as a potential resource for environmentally sustainable electric power generation in Turkey , 1994 .

[125]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Fatty and Resin Acids Recovered from Spruce Wood by Supercritical Acetone Extraction , 1991 .

[126]  H. Erşahan,et al.  Kinetics of desulphurization of Nevşehir - Dadaǧi coal with ferric chloride solutions , 1994 .

[127]  Harold H. Schobert,et al.  Swelling pretreatment of coals for improved catalytic temperature-staged liquefaction , 1993 .

[128]  Kamil Kaygusuz,et al.  Use of wood as an energy source in Turkey , 1998 .

[129]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  KINETICS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS OF BLACK LIQUOR , 1992 .

[130]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  The effects of blending agents on alcohol-gasoline fuels , 1993 .

[131]  Serdar Yaman,et al.  Sulfur removal from lignite by oxydesulfurization using fly ash , 1997 .

[132]  Ayhan Demirba,et al.  Aqueous glycerol delignification of wood chips and ground wood , 1998 .

[133]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Low temperature pyrolysis of black liquor and polymerization of products in alkali aqueous medium , 1991 .

[134]  Sadriye Küçükbayrak,et al.  Modeling of the isothermal sulphation reactions of natural sorbents , 1998 .

[135]  Nazım Usta,et al.  Computerized economic optimization of refrigeration system design , 1999 .

[136]  Sadriye Küçükbayrak,et al.  Estimation of calorific values of Turkish lignites , 1991 .

[137]  Serdar Yaman,et al.  Effect of oxydesulphurization on the combustion characteristics of coal , 1997 .

[138]  A. Demirbaş,et al.  Analysis of beech wood fatty acids by supercritical acetone extraction , 1991, Wood Science and Technology.

[139]  Selahatti̇n Göktun.  Optimal performance of a combined absorption and ejector refrigerator , 1999 .

[140]  Harold H. Schobert,et al.  Temperature-staged liquefaction of selected Turkish coals , 1994 .

[141]  R. A. Sahan,et al.  Use of an air fluidized bed separator in a dry coal cleaning process , 1997 .

[142]  Selahatti̇n Göktun.  Optimal performance of an irreversible refrigerator With three heat sources (IRWTHS) , 1997 .

[143]  Filiz Karaosmanoglu,et al.  A New Blending Agent and Its Effects on Methanol-Gasoline Fuels , 2000 .

[144]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Energy and Environmental Impacts: Present and Future Perspectives , 1998 .

[145]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Estimation of calorific values of fuels from lignocellulosics , 1997 .

[146]  Sadriye Küçükbayrak,et al.  Briquetting of Istanbul-Kemerburgaz lignite of Turkey , 1996 .

[147]  Y Yueruem,et al.  NiCl2‐KCl‐LiCl触媒を使用するBeypazari亜炭の液化 2 テトラリンから石炭への水素転位 , 1991 .