Growth mechanism and controlled synthesis of AB-stacked bilayer graphene on Cu-Ni alloy foils.

Strongly coupled bilayer graphene (i.e., AB stacked) grows particularly well on commercial "90-10" Cu-Ni alloy foil. However, the mechanism of growth of bilayer graphene on Cu-Ni alloy foils had not been discovered. Carbon isotope labeling (sequential dosing of (12)CH(4) and (13)CH(4)) and Raman spectroscopic mapping were used to study the growth process. It was learned that the mechanism of graphene growth on Cu-Ni alloy is by precipitation at the surface from carbon dissolved in the bulk of the alloy foil that diffuses to the surface. The growth parameters were varied to investigate their effect on graphene coverage and isotopic composition. It was found that higher temperature, longer exposure time, higher rate of bulk diffusion for (12)C vs(13)C, and slower cooling rate all produced higher graphene coverage on this type of Cu-Ni alloy foil. The isotopic composition of the graphene layer(s) could also be modified by adjusting the cooling rate. In addition, large-area, AB-stacked bilayer graphene transferrable onto Si/SiO(2) substrates was controllably synthesized.

[1]  Juanxia Wu,et al.  Raman spectroscopy of graphene , 2014 .

[2]  Wi Hyoung Lee,et al.  Tuning the doping type and level of graphene with different gold configurations. , 2012, Small.

[3]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified graphene. , 2011, Nature materials.

[4]  Zhongfan Liu,et al.  Rational design of a binary metal alloy for chemical vapour deposition growth of uniform single-layer graphene. , 2011, Nature communications.

[5]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Growth of bilayer graphene on insulating substrates. , 2011, ACS nano.

[6]  Wi Hyoung Lee,et al.  Graphene growth using a solid carbon feedstock and hydrogen. , 2011, ACS nano.

[7]  Bernd Rellinghaus,et al.  Atomic structure of interconnected few-layer graphene domains. , 2011, ACS nano.

[8]  R. Piner,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of large-area graphene and graphite films on commercial Cu-Ni alloy foils. , 2011, Nano letters.

[9]  Hui Li,et al.  Formation of bilayer bernal graphene: layer-by-layer epitaxy via chemical vapor deposition. , 2011, Nano letters.

[10]  L. Kavan,et al.  Raman 2D-band splitting in graphene: theory and experiment. , 2011, ACS nano.

[11]  R. Ruoff,et al.  From conception to realization: an historial account of graphene and some perspectives for its future. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[12]  Lei Liu,et al.  Large‐Scale Synthesis of Bi‐layer Graphene in Strongly Coupled Stacking Order , 2010, 1012.0701.

[13]  Z. Zhong,et al.  Wafer scale homogeneous bilayer graphene films by chemical vapor deposition. , 2010, Nano letters.

[14]  Xiao-Qian Wang,et al.  Tunable band gap in hydrogenated bilayer graphene. , 2010, ACS nano.

[15]  Zhenhua Ni,et al.  Probing layer number and stacking order of few-layer graphene by Raman spectroscopy. , 2010, Small.

[16]  Luigi Colombo,et al.  Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. , 2009, Nano letters.

[17]  A. Reina,et al.  Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. , 2009, Nano letters.

[18]  R. Piner,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Large-Area Graphene Films , 2009 .

[19]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils , 2009, Science.

[20]  Ying Ying Wang,et al.  Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene , 2008, 0810.2836.

[21]  M. Breese,et al.  Proton beam writing , 2007 .

[22]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[23]  Jannik C. Meyer,et al.  The structure of suspended graphene sheets , 2007, Nature.

[24]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[25]  P. Kim,et al.  Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene , 2005, Nature.

[26]  Juan Cheng,et al.  Depth profiling of peptide films with TOF-SIMS and a C60 probe. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[27]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[28]  E. .. Mittemeijer,et al.  The solubility of C in solid Cu , 2004 .

[29]  S. Fan,et al.  Monitoring the growth of carbon nanotubes by carbon isotope labelling , 2003 .

[30]  Diana Golodnitsky,et al.  Composition, depth profiles and lateral distribution of materials in the SEI built on HOPG-TOF SIMS and XPS studies , 2001 .

[31]  M. Kiritani,et al.  Solid solubility of carbon in copper mechanically alloyed , 2001 .

[32]  D. Wolf-Gladrow,et al.  A diffusion-reaction model of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera , 1999 .

[33]  Flynn,et al.  Theory of classical diffusion jumps in solids. II. Isotope effect and first-order anharmonic terms. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[34]  Flynn,et al.  Jump dynamics and the isotope effect in solid-state diffusion. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[35]  R. Lässer,et al.  Solubility of hydrogen isotopes in palladium , 1983 .

[36]  G. Powell Solubility of hydrogen and deuterium in a uranium--molybdenum alloy , 1976 .

[37]  John W. May,et al.  Platinum surface LEED rings , 1969 .

[38]  D. Stoddart Retrospect and Prospect of Aldabra Research , 1969, Nature.

[39]  P. McClintock,et al.  Graphene: Carbon in Two Dimensions , 2012 .

[40]  M. O'Leary Measurement of the isotope fractionation associated with diffusion of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution , 1984 .

[41]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Physico-chemical theory of graphite growth from hydrocarbons , 1979 .