Printing of wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations

Wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors are studied for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations. Recent advances in smart contact lenses are essential to the realization of medical applications and vision imaging for augmented reality through wireless communication systems. However, previous research on smart contact lenses has been driven by a wired system or wireless power transfer with temporal and spatial restrictions, which can limit their continuous use and require energy storage devices. Also, the rigidity, heat, and large sizes of conventional batteries are not suitable for the soft, smart contact lens. Here, we describe a human pilot trial of a soft, smart contact lens with a wirelessly rechargeable, solid-state supercapacitor for continuous operation. After printing the supercapacitor, all device components (antenna, rectifier, and light-emitting diode) are fully integrated with stretchable structures for this soft lens without obstructing vision. The good reliability against thermal and electromagnetic radiations and the results of the in vivo tests provide the substantial promise of future smart contact lenses.

[1]  Jang‐Ung Park,et al.  Highly Transparent and Stretchable Field‐Effect Transistor Sensors Using Graphene–Nanowire Hybrid Nanostructures , 2015, Advanced materials.

[2]  Zhigang Suo,et al.  Elastomeric substrates with embedded stiff platforms for stretchable electronics , 2013 .

[3]  Wouter van der Wijngaart,et al.  Beyond PDMS: off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) based soft lithography for rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[4]  Hyo-Jeong Ha,et al.  A self-standing, UV-cured polymer networks-reinforced plastic crystal composite electrolyte for a lithium-ion battery , 2011 .

[5]  Li Zhang,et al.  Design of Architectures and Materials in In‐Plane Micro‐supercapacitors: Current Status and Future Challenges , 2017, Advanced materials.

[6]  Jang‐Ung Park,et al.  Fully-integrated, bezel-less transistor arrays using reversibly foldable interconnects and stretchable origami substrates. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[7]  John Rick,et al.  Ionic liquid polymer electrolytes , 2013 .

[8]  Changqing Liu,et al.  Direct-write techniques for maskless production of microelectronics: A review of current state-of-the-art technologies , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging.

[9]  Kukjoo Kim,et al.  Photo-patternable and transparent films using cellulose nanofibers for stretchable origami electronics , 2016 .

[10]  Kyung-In Jang,et al.  Thin Metallic Heat Sink for Interfacial Thermal Management in Biointegrated Optoelectronic Devices , 2018, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[11]  Franklin Bien,et al.  Wearable smart sensor systems integrated on soft contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics , 2017, Nature Communications.

[12]  Franklin Bien,et al.  Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays , 2018, Science Advances.

[13]  Soojin Park,et al.  Printable Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries: A New Route toward Shape-Conformable Power Sources with Aesthetic Versatility for Flexible Electronics. , 2015, Nano letters.

[14]  Ji-Won Choi,et al.  Scalable fabrication of flexible thin-film batteries for smart lens applications , 2018, Nano Energy.

[15]  Raeed H. Chowdhury,et al.  Epidermal Electronics , 2011, Science.

[16]  Mats Johansson,et al.  New structural lithium battery electrolytes using thiol–ene chemistry , 2013 .

[17]  C. Bowman,et al.  Thiol-click chemistry: a multifaceted toolbox for small molecule and polymer synthesis. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[18]  Majid Beidaghi,et al.  Capacitive energy storage in micro-scale devices: recent advances in design and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors , 2014 .

[19]  Mohan Sanghadasa,et al.  A Review of On-Chip Micro Supercapacitors for Integrated Self-Powering Systems , 2017, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[20]  Sam Emaminejad,et al.  Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis , 2016, Nature.

[21]  Jia Liu,et al.  Three-dimensional mapping and regulation of action potential propagation in nanoelectronics innervated tissues , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[22]  Hyo-Jeong Ha,et al.  UV-curable semi-interpenetrating polymer network-integrated, highly bendable plastic crystal composite electrolytes for shape-conformable all-solid-state lithium ion batteries , 2012 .

[23]  W. Milne,et al.  Stabilization and Debundling of single-wall carbon nanotube dispersions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) , 2007 .

[24]  Keun-Ho Choi,et al.  Wearable Supercapacitors Printed on Garments , 2018 .

[25]  Keun-Ho Choi,et al.  Thin, Deformable, and Safety‐Reinforced Plastic Crystal Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Performance Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2014 .

[26]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow , 2019, Nature Biomedical Engineering.

[27]  Yei Hwan Jung,et al.  Injectable, Cellular-Scale Optoelectronics with Applications for Wireless Optogenetics , 2013, Science.

[28]  Cunjiang Yu,et al.  Fully rubbery integrated electronics from high effective mobility intrinsically stretchable semiconductors , 2019, Science Advances.

[29]  Charles E. Hoyle,et al.  Thiol–enes: Chemistry of the past with promise for the future , 2004 .

[30]  H. Wagner,et al.  The role of surfactants in dispersion of carbon nanotubes. , 2006, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[31]  J. A. Lewis.  Direct Ink Writing of 3D Functional Materials , 2006 .

[32]  Sanat S Bhole,et al.  Soft Microfluidic Assemblies of Sensors, Circuits, and Radios for the Skin , 2014, Science.