Comparison of Hippuric Acid and O-Cresol in Urine and Unchanged Toluene in Alveolar Air for the Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Toluene in Human Volunteers

Abstract Toluene (TOL) is one of the most widely used organic solvents in the workplace. Recently, the permissible exposure limit to TOL has been reduced from 100 to 50 ppm by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Urinary hippuric acid (HA) is not recommended for monitoring the exposure to low ambient concentrations of TOL. Despite the fact that there are other potential indicators of exposure to TOL, there is still no consensus on which one is the most reliable for use on a large scale. This study was undertaken to describe how three indicators of TOL exposure—namely, HA and o-cresol (o-CR) in urine—and unchanged TOL in alveolar air (TOL-A) relate to graded exposure levels of TOL in human volunteers. In addition, the potential impact of simultaneous exposure to xylene (XYL) and TOL exposure on indicators of exposure to TOL was investigated in view of the known metabolic interference between these two solvents. Four adult nonsmoking volunteers were exposed (7 hours) to various con...

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